Good evening
Be strong. Be confident. Be the star of your own life.
— Estee Lauder
Table of Contents
- Rule 1: Basic Rule / मूल नियम
- Rule 2: Compound Subjects with "And" / "And" से जुड़े कर्ता
- Rule 3: Subjects with "Or / Nor" / "Or / Nor" से जुड़े कर्ता
- Rule 4: Indefinite Pronouns / अनिश्चित सर्वनाम
- Rule 5: Collective Nouns / समूहवाचक संज्ञाएँ
- Rule 6: Nouns Plural in Form but Singular in Meaning
- Rule 7: Nouns Always Plural (No Singular Form)
- Rule 8: Fraction, Percentage, and "Of" Phrases
- Rule 9: "There" and "Here" Sentences (Inverted Structure)
- Rule 10: Relative Clauses (who, which, that)
- Rule 11: "A Number of" vs "The Number of"
- Rule 12: Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects
- Rule 13: Subjects with "Each / Every / Many a"
- Rule 14: Phrases Like "Along with," "As well as," etc.
- Rule 15: Titles and Names
- Rule 16: "One of" + Plural Noun + Who/That
- Rule 17: Uncountable Nouns / अगणनीय संज्ञाएँ
- Rule 18: Subject with "Every" and "Many a"
- Rule 19: Plural Subjects with Singular Meaning
- Rule 20: Distance, Time, Money, Weight as Subjects
- Quick Reference Chart: Verb Forms
- Summary of All Formulas
Subject-Verb Agreement (कर्ता-क्रिया समझौता) means the subject and verb must agree in number (singular/plural) and person (first/second/third).
Formula: Singular Subject + Singular Verb | Plural Subject + Plural Verb
Rule 1: Basic Rule / मूल नियम
| Subject Type | Verb Form | Formula | Example | हिंदी अनुवाद |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular Subject | Singular Verb | S + V-s/es | The dog barks loudly. | कुत्ता जोर से भौंकता है। |
| Plural Subject | Plural Verb (base form) | Plural S + V (base) | The dogs bark loudly. | कुत्ते जोर से भौंकते हैं। |
Note: In present tense, singular verbs add -s/-es; plural verbs do NOT add -s.
| Pronoun | Verb (Present) | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | base form | I eat | मैं खाता हूँ |
| You | base form | You eat | तुम खाते हो |
| He/She/It | -s/-es | She eats | वह खाती है |
| We/They | base form | They eat | वे खाते हैं |
Special Verb “To Be”:
| Subject | Present | Past | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | am | was | I am happy. | मैं खुश हूँ। |
| He/She/It | is | was | She is happy. | वह खुश है। |
| You/We/They | are | were | They are happy. | वे खुश हैं। |
Rule 2: Compound Subjects with “And” / “And” से जुड़े कर्ता
| Condition | Verb | Formula | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two subjects joined by and | Plural | S1 + S2 + and → Plural V | Ram and Shyam are friends. | राम और श्याम दोस्त हैं। |
| Both refer to same person/thing | Singular | S1 + and + S2 (same) → Singular V | The author and poet is coming. | लेखक और कवि आ रहा है। |
| Singular unit/idea | Singular | Bread and butter → Singular V | Bread and butter is my breakfast. | ब्रेड और मक्खन मेरा नाश्ता है। |
Rule 3: Subjects with “Or / Nor” / “Or / Nor” से जुड़े कर्ता
| Rule | Formula | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| Verb agrees with nearest subject | S1 or S2 → V agrees with S2 | Either the teacher or the students are responsible. | या तो शिक्षक या छात्र जिम्मेदार हैं। |
| Singular + Singular | Singular V | Neither Ram nor Shyam is here. | न राम न श्याम यहाँ है। |
| Plural + Plural | Plural V | Either the boys or the girls are playing. | या तो लड़के या लड़कियाँ खेल रहे हैं। |
| Singular + Plural | V agrees with nearest (plural) | Neither the teacher nor the students are ready. | न शिक्षक न छात्र तैयार हैं। |
| Plural + Singular | V agrees with nearest (singular) | Neither the students nor the teacher is ready. | न छात्र न शिक्षक तैयार है। |
Rule 4: Indefinite Pronouns / अनिश्चित सर्वनाम
| Type | Pronouns | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Always Singular | each, every, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody, one, either, neither | Singular | Everyone is welcome. | हर कोई स्वागत है। |
| Always Plural | few, many, several, both | Plural | Few have passed the exam. | कुछ परीक्षा में पास हुए हैं। |
| Variable (depends on noun) | some, any, none, all, most, more, enough | Singular/Plural | Some water is left. / Some people are here. | कुछ पानी बचा है। / कुछ |
Important: “Each” and “Every” always take singular verb.
| Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|
| Each boy has a pen. | हर लड़के के पास कलम है। |
| Every student is present. | हर छात्र उपस्थित है। |
| Somebody is at the door. | कोई दरवाजे पर है। |
Rule 5: Collective Nouns / समूहवाचक संज्ञाएँ
| Meaning | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group as a single unit | Singular | The team is playing well. | टीम अच्छा खेल रही है। |
| Individual members | Plural | The team are arguing among themselves. | टीम के सदस्य आपस में बहस कर रहे हैं। |
Common Collective Nouns: team, jury, committee, crowd, family, army, class, group, government.
Rule 6: Nouns Plural in Form but Singular in Meaning
| Nouns | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| news, mathematics, physics, economics, politics, measles, mumps, etc. | Singular | News is good today. | आज खबर अच्छी है। |
| The United States, The Philippines | Singular | The United States is a powerful country. | संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका एक शक्तिशाली देश है। |
Note: “Politics” can be plural when referring to political views.
Rule 7: Nouns Always Plural (No Singular Form)
| Nouns | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| scissors, trousers, jeans, glasses, pliers, shorts, pants, etc. | Plural | The scissors are sharp. | कैंची तेज है। |
Exception: With “a pair of” → Singular verb
| Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|
| A pair of scissors is on the table. | कैंची की एक जोड़ी मेज पर है। |
Rule 8: Fraction, Percentage, and “Of” Phrases
| Rule | Formula | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| Verb agrees with noun after of | Fraction/Percent + of + Noun → V agrees with Noun | Half of the cake is gone. | आधा केक खत्म हो गया है। |
| Singular noun after “of” | Singular V | Half of the apples are rotten. | आधे सेब सड़े हुए हैं। |
| Plural noun after “of” | Plural V | 30% of the work is done. | 30% काम हो चुका है। |
Rule 9: “There” and “Here” Sentences (Inverted Structure)
| Subject Position | Verb | Formula | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject after verb | Agrees with subject | There + V + S | There is a book on the table. | मेज पर एक किताब है। |
| Plural subject | Plural V | There are five children playing. | पाँच बच्चे खेल रहे हैं। |
Rule 10: Relative Clauses (who, which, that)
| Rule | Formula | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| Verb agrees with antecedent | Noun + who/which/that + V | She is one of the girls who are selected. | वह उन लड़कियों में से एक है जो चयनित हुई हैं। |
| “The only one of” | Singular V | She is the only one of the girls who is selected. | वह अकेली लड़की है जो चयनित हुई है। |
Rule 11: “A Number of” vs “The Number of”
| Phrase | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| A number of (many) | Plural | A number of students are absent. | बहुत से छात्र अनुपस्थित हैं। |
| The number of (the count) | Singular | The number of students is fifty. | छात्रों की संख्या पचास है। |
Rule 12: Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects
| Subject Type | Verb | Formula | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gerund (-ing form) | Singular | V-ing + Singular V | Swimming is good exercise. | तैराकी अच्छा व्यायाम है। |
| Infinitive (to + V) | Singular | To V + Singular V | To err is human. | गलती करना मानवीय है। |
Rule 13: Subjects with “Each / Every / Many a”
| Structure | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| Each + singular noun | Singular | Each student has a book. | प्रत्येक छात्र के पास किताब है। |
| Every + singular noun | Singular | Every boy is happy. | हर लड़का खुश है। |
| Many a + singular noun | Singular | Many a man has tried. | कई आदमी ने प्रयास किया है। |
Rule 14: Phrases Like “Along with,” “As well as,” etc.
| Rule | Verb | Formula | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb agrees with first subject | Depends on first subject | S1 + as well as + S2 → V agrees with S1 | The teacher, along with the students, is going. | शिक्षक, छात्रों के साथ, जा रहा है। |
Similar phrases: together with, accompanied by, in addition to, including, with, rather than.
| Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|
| Ram, as well as his friends, is coming. | राम, उसके दोस्तों के साथ, आ रहा है। |
| The captain, with his players, was honored. | कप्तान, अपने खिलाड़ियों के साथ, सम्मानित किया गया। |
Rule 15: Titles and Names
| Subject | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| Book titles, movie titles, organization names | Singular | “The Lord of the Rings” is a great book. | “द लॉर्ड ऑफ द रिंग्स” एक महान पुस्तक है। |
| Countries, cities | Singular | The United Nations was formed in 1945. | संयुक्त राष्ट्र 1945 में गठित हुआ। |
Rule 16: “One of” + Plural Noun + Who/That
| Structure | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| One of the + plural noun + who/that | Plural V | He is one of the best players who have played. | वह उन सर्वश्रेष्ठ खिलाड़ियों में से एक है जिन्होंने खेला है। |
| The only one of the + plural noun + who/that | Singular V | She is the only one of the students who has passed. | वह अकेली छात्रा है जो पास हुई है। |
Rule 17: Uncountable Nouns / अगणनीय संज्ञाएँ
| Nouns | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| water, rice, furniture, information, knowledge, equipment, poetry, machinery, stationery, etc. | Singular | The furniture is new. | फर्नीचर नया है। |
| This information is correct. | यह जानकारी सही है। |
Rule 18: Subject with “Every” and “Many a”
| Structure | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| Every + singular noun + and + singular noun | Singular | Every man and woman has the right to vote. | हर पुरुष और महिला को वोट देने का अधिकार है। |
Rule 19: Plural Subjects with Singular Meaning
| Subject | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mathematics, Physics, Economics, Statistics (as subject) | Singular | Mathematics is my favorite subject. | गणित मेरा पसंदीदा विषय है। |
| Statistics (as data) | Plural | The statistics are alarming. | आँकड़े चिंताजनक हैं। |
Rule 20: Distance, Time, Money, Weight as Subjects
| Rule | Verb | Example | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| When considered as a single unit | Singular | Five hundred rupees is not enough. | पाँच सौ रुपये पर्याप्त नहीं हैं। |
| Ten kilometers is a long distance. | दस किलोमीटर लंबी दूरी है। | ||
| Three years is a long time. | तीन साल लंबा समय है। |
Quick Reference Chart: Verb Forms
| Subject | Present Simple | Past Simple | Present Continuous | Present Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | eat | ate | am eating | have eaten |
| You | eat | ate | are eating | have eaten |
| He/She/It | eats | ate | is eating | has eaten |
| We | eat | ate | are eating | have eaten |
| They | eat | ate | are eating | have eaten |
Summary of All Formulas
| Rule Category | Formula |
|---|---|
| Basic | Singular S + Singular V / Plural S + Plural V |
| And | S1 + S2 → Plural V (except same person → Singular V) |
| Or/Nor | V agrees with nearest subject |
| Indefinite Pronouns | Each/Everyone → Singular V; Few/Many → Plural V |
| Collective Nouns | Whole group → Singular V; Members → Plural V |
| -s ending nouns | News/Physics → Singular V |
| Always Plural | Scissors/Pants → Plural V |
| Fraction/Percent | V agrees with noun after “of” |
| There/Here | There + V + S (V agrees with S) |
| Relative Clauses | V agrees with antecedent |
| A/The Number of | A number of → Plural; The number of → Singular |
| Gerund/Infinitive | V-ing / To V → Singular V |
| With/Along with | V agrees with first subject |
| Titles | Singular V |
The question isn't who is going to let me; it's who is going to stop me.
Ayn Rand
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