Good morning
The final mystery is oneself.
— Oscar Wilde
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1-Noun (संज्ञा)
| Kind of Noun (English) | Kind of Noun (Hindi) | English Example | Hindi Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proper Noun (a specific name) |
व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा | • India • Mohan • The Taj Mahal |
• भारत • मोहन • ताजमहल |
| Common Noun (a general name for a class) |
जातिवाचक संज्ञा | • country • boy • monument |
• देश • लड़का • स्मारक |
| Collective Noun (a group of people, animals, or things) |
समूहवाचक संज्ञा | • team • flock • bunch |
• टीम • झुंड • गुच्छा |
| Material Noun (a substance or material) |
द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा | • iron • plastic • milk |
• लोहा • प्लास्टिक • दूध |
| Abstract Noun (a quality, feeling, or idea) |
भाववाचक संज्ञा | • kindness • freedom • childhood |
• दया • स्वतंत्रता • बचपन |
2. Pronoun (सर्वनाम)
| Kind of Pronoun | Hindi | English Example | Hindi Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal (refers to person/thing) |
पुरुषवाचक | I, we, you, he, she, it, they | मैं, हम, तू, तुम, आप, वह, यह, वे, ये |
| Possessive (shows ownership) |
अधिकारवाचक | mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs | मेरा, तेरा, उसका, हमारा, आपका, उनका |
| Reflexive (refers back to subject) |
निजवाचक | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves | स्वयं, आप, अपने आप, खुद |
| Demonstrative (points to something) |
संकेतवाचक | this, that, these, those, such | यह, वह, ये, वे, ऐसा, वैसा |
| Interrogative (asks a question) |
प्रश्नवाचक | who, whom, whose, which, what | कौन, क्या, किसका, कैसा, कितना |
| Relative (relates to a noun before) |
संबंधवाचक | who, whom, whose, which, that | जो, जिसने, जैसा, जितना |
| Indefinite (refers to non-specific person/thing) |
अनिश्चयवाचक | someone, anybody, nobody, each, all, few | कोई, कुछ, सब, हर कोई, कई |
3. Verb (क्रिया)
| Kind of Verb | Hindi | English Example | Hindi Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transitive (requires an object) |
सकर्मक | She wrote a letter. | वह पढ़ती है किताब। |
| Intransitive (does not require an object) |
अकर्मक | He sleeps. | बच्चा हँसा। |
| Auxiliary / Helping (helps main verb) |
सहायक | is, am, are, was, were, have, has, do, will, shall | है, हूँ, हैं, था, थी, रहा, चुका, सकता |
| Modal (expresses necessity/possibility) |
मोडल / प्रेरणार्थक | can, could, may, might, must, should, would | सकना, चाहिए, पड़ता, होगा |
4. Adjective (विशेषण)
| Kind of Adjective | Hindi | English Example | Hindi Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quality / Descriptive (shows kind or quality) |
गुणवाचक | red rose, honest man | लाल गुलाब, ईमानदार आदमी |
| Quantity (shows how much – uncountable) |
परिमाणवाचक | some milk, much water, little sugar | थोड़ा दूध, बहुत पानी |
| Number / Numeral (shows how many – countable) |
संख्यावाचक | one pen, first rank, many students | एक कलम, पहला स्थान, अनेक विद्यार्थी |
| Demonstrative (points out) |
संकेतवाचक | this book, those trees | यह किताब, वे पेड़ |
| Interrogative (asks question) |
प्रश्नवाचक | which color, whose bag | कौन-सा रंग, किसका बैग |
| Possessive (shows ownership) |
अधिकारवाचक | my house, her car | मेरा घर, उसकी गाड़ी |
5. Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण)
| Kind of Adverb | Hindi | English Example | Hindi Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manner (how) |
रीतिवाचक | She sings beautifully. | वह धीरे चलता है। |
| Place (where) |
स्थानवाचक | They sat here. | बच्चे बाहर खेल रहे हैं। |
| Time (when) |
कालवाचक | I will go tomorrow. | वह अब आएगा। |
| Frequency (how often) |
बारंबारतावाचक | He always helps. | मैं प्रायः यहाँ आता हूँ। |
| Degree / Quantity (how much / to what extent) |
परिमाणवाचक | She is very tall. | यह बहुत अच्छा है। |
| Reason (why) |
हेतुवाचक | He therefore left. | वह इसलिए आया। |
| Affirmation / Negation (yes/no) |
स्वीकार / निषेधवाचक | Yes, I will. No, don’t go. | हाँ, मैं चलूँगा। नहीं, मत जाओ। |
6. Preposition (संबंधबोधक)
In Hindi, prepositions are often called postpositions because they come after the noun.
| Kind of Preposition | Hindi | English Example | Hindi Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Place / Position | स्थानवाचक | in the room, on the table, under the tree | कमरे में, मेज़ पर, पेड़ के नीचे |
| Time | कालवाचक | at 5 o’clock, since Monday, before sunrise | पाँच बजे से, सोमवार से, सूर्योदय से पहले |
| Direction / Motion | दिशावाचक | to school, towards the river, into the box | स्कूल को, नदी की ओर, डिब्बे में |
| Cause / Purpose | कारणवाचक | for you, because of rain | तुम्हारे लिए, बारिश के कारण |
| Agency / Instrument | करणवाचक | by the artist, with a pen | कलाकार द्वारा, कलम से |
7. Conjunction (समुच्चयबोधक)
| Kind of Conjunction | Hindi | English Example | Hindi Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coordinating (joins equal parts) |
समानयोजक | and, but, or, nor, yet, so | और, लेकिन, या, इसलिए |
| Subordinating (joins dependent to independent clause) |
अधीनस्थ योजक | because, although, if, when, since, while | क्योंकि, यद्यपि, अगर, जब, जैसे |
| Correlative (used in pairs) |
द्वंद्व समुच्चयबोधक | either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also | न तो…न ही, या तो…या, केवल…ही नहीं बल्कि…भी |
8. Interjection (विस्मयादिबोधक)
| Kind of Interjection | Hindi | English Example | Hindi Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Joy | हर्ष | Wow! Hurrah! | वाह! अरे! |
| Sorrow / Grief | शोक | Alas! Oh no! | हाय! अफ़सोस! |
| Surprise | आश्चर्य | Oh! What! Really! | क्या! अरे! वाह! |
| Approval / Disapproval | स्वीकृति / अस्वीकृति | Bravo! Shame! | शाबाश! छिः! |
| Calling / Attention | संबोधन | Hey! Hello! Listen! | सुनो! अरे! हे! |
9. Determiner / Article (निर्धारक / उपपद)
In Hindi, articles are not used exactly like in English, but determiners serve a similar function.
| Kind | Hindi | English Example | Hindi Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Articles | उपपद | a, an, the | (no direct equivalent; context determines definiteness) एक, कोई, वह (implied) |
| Demonstrative Determiners | संकेतवाचक निर्धारक | this car, those houses | यह कार, वे मकान |
| Quantifiers | परिमाणवाचक | some water, many people, few books | कुछ पानी, बहुत से लोग, कुछ किताबें |
| Possessive Determiners | अधिकारवाचक | my bag, your pen | मेरा बैग, आपकी कलम |
| Numbers | संख्यावाचक | one day, second chance | एक दिन, दूसरा मौका |
The question isn't who is going to let me; it's who is going to stop me.
Ayn Rand
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