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- Master Chart with Definitions, Rules, Formulas, Examples & Hindi Translations
- 1. WHAT IS DEGREE OF COMPARISON? (परिभाषा)
- 2. THREE DEGREES OF COMPARISON (तीन डिग्रियाँ)
- 3. POSITIVE DEGREE (मूलावस्था) - DETAILED CHART
- 4. COMPARATIVE DEGREE (उत्तरावस्था) - DETAILED CHART
- 5. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE (उत्तमावस्था) - DETAILED CHART
- 6. FORMATION OF COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE - COMPLETE RULES
- 7. IRREGULAR COMPARISONS (अनियमित तुलनाएँ)
- 8. COMPARISON WITH "AS...AS" AND "THAN" - DETAILED
- 9. INTERCHANGE OF DEGREES (डिग्रियों का परस्पर परिवर्तन)
- 10. COMMON ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS
- 11. SPECIAL STRUCTURES AND IDIOMATIC COMPARISONS
- 12. COMPLETE SUMMARY TABLE
- 13. PRACTICE EXERCISES WITH ANSWERS
- 14. QUICK REFERENCE CHART
Master Chart with Definitions, Rules, Formulas, Examples & Hindi Translations
1. WHAT IS DEGREE OF COMPARISON? (परिभाषा)
| Definition | Hindi Definition | Key Concept |
|---|---|---|
| Degree of Comparison is a form of an adjective or adverb that indicates the level or intensity of a quality possessed by something or someone. | तुलना की डिग्री विशेषण या क्रियाविशेषण का वह रूप है जो किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु में पाए जाने वाले गुण के स्तर या मात्रा को दर्शाता है। | Adjectives change their form to show comparison (बताने के लिए विशेषण का रूप बदलता है) |
Basic Formula: Quality को दर्शाने के तीन स्तर:
-
सामान्य स्तर (Normal Level)
-
अधिक स्तर (Higher Level)
-
सबसे अधिक स्तर (Highest Level)
2. THREE DEGREES OF COMPARISON (तीन डिग्रियाँ)
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
|
+---------------+---------------+
| | |
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
DEGREE DEGREE DEGREE
(मूल अवस्था) (उच्चतर अवस्था) (उच्चतम अवस्था)
| | |
No comparison Comparison between Comparison among
(बिना तुलना) two (दो में तुलना) many (अनेक में तुलना)
| Degree | Function | Hindi Name | Key Word |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive Degree | Describes quality without comparison | मूलावस्था | as…as, so…as |
| Comparative Degree | Compares two persons/things | उत्तरावस्था | than |
| Superlative Degree | Compares more than two persons/things | उत्तमावस्था | the, of all, in |
3. POSITIVE DEGREE (मूलावस्था) – DETAILED CHART
Definition
The positive degree is the simple form of an adjective. It describes a quality without making any comparison.
Formula
| Structure Type | Formula | Example | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Positive | Subject + Verb + as + Adjective + as + Object | Ram is as tall as Shyam. | राम उतना लंबा है जितना श्याम। |
| Negative Positive | Subject + Verb + not so/as + Adjective + as + Object | Ram is not so tall as Shyam. | राम उतना लंबा नहीं है जितना श्याम। |
| Simple Quality | Subject + Verb + Adjective | She is beautiful. | वह सुंदर है। |
Rules for Positive Degree
| Rule No. | Rule Description | Example | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Used to show equality (समानता दिखाने के लिए) | This book is as interesting as that. | यह किताब उतनी ही रोचक है जितनी वह। |
| 2 | Used to show inequality (असमानता दिखाने के लिए) | He is not as clever as his sister. | वह उतना चालाक नहीं है जितनी उसकी बहन। |
| 3 | Can be used without comparison (बिना तुलना के) | It is a hot day. | यह गर्म दिन है। |
Positive Degree Examples with Hindi
| English Sentence | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|
| Positive (Equality) | |
| This rope is as long as that rope. | यह रस्सी उतनी लंबी है जितनी वह रस्सी। |
| She is as intelligent as her brother. | वह उतनी बुद्धिमान है जितना उसका भाई। |
| My car is as expensive as your car. | मेरी कार उतनी महंगी है जितनी तुम्हारी कार। |
| Gold is as precious as silver. | सोना उतना ही कीमती है जितना चांदी। |
| Positive (Inequality) | |
| This problem is not so difficult as that one. | यह समस्या उतनी कठिन नहीं है जितनी वह। |
| He is not as rich as his friend. | वह उतना अमीर नहीं है जितना उसका दोस्त। |
| Today is not as cold as yesterday. | आज उतना ठंडा नहीं है जितना कल था। |
4. COMPARATIVE DEGREE (उत्तरावस्था) – DETAILED CHART
Definition
The comparative degree compares two persons or things. It shows a higher or lower degree of quality.
Formula
| Structure Type | Formula | Example | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Comparative | Subject + Verb + Comparative Adjective + than + Object | Ram is taller than Shyam. | राम श्याम से लंबा है। |
| With “more/less” | Subject + Verb + more/less + Adjective + than + Object | She is more beautiful than her sister. | वह अपनी बहन से अधिक सुंदर है। |
| Inferiority | Subject + Verb + less + Adjective + than + Object | This book is less interesting than that. | यह किताब उससे कम रोचक है। |
Rules for Comparative Degree
| Rule No. | Rule Description | Example | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Always used for comparing TWO things/s persons (हमेशा दो के लिए) | He is stronger than me. | वह मुझसे मजबूत है। |
| 2 | For one-syllable adjectives, add -er (एकाक्षरी में -er) | tall → taller, fast → faster | तेज़ → तेज़तर |
| 3 | For multi-syllable adjectives, use more/less (बहुअक्षरी में more/less) | beautiful → more beautiful | सुंदर → अधिक सुंदर |
| 4 | “Than” is always used after comparative | She is smarter than him. | वह उससे होशियार है। |
Comparative Degree Examples with Hindi
| English Sentence | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|
| One-Syllable Adjectives | |
| Iron is harder than gold. | लोहा सोने से कठोर है। |
| My house is bigger than yours. | मेरा घर तुम्हारे से बड़ा है। |
| This road is narrower than that road. | यह सड़क उस सड़क से संकरी है। |
| He runs faster than his friend. | वह अपने दोस्त से तेज़ दौड़ता है। |
| Multi-Syllable Adjectives | |
| This painting is more beautiful than that one. | यह पेंटिंग उससे अधिक सुंदर है। |
| She is more intelligent than her classmates. | वह अपने सहपाठियों से अधिक बुद्धिमान है। |
| This task is more difficult than the previous one. | यह कार्य पिछले से अधिक कठिन है। |
| Less Comparative | |
| This phone is less expensive than that model. | यह फोन उस मॉडल से कम महंगा है। |
| He is less careful than his brother. | वह अपने भाई से कम सावधान है। |
5. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE (उत्तमावस्था) – DETAILED CHART
Definition
The superlative degree compares three or more persons or things. It shows the highest or lowest degree of quality.
Formula
| Structure Type | Formula | Example | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Superlative | Subject + Verb + the + Superlative Adjective + ( Noun ) + of/in + Group | Ram is the tallest boy in the class. | राम कक्षा में सबसे लंबा लड़का है। |
| With “most/least” | Subject + Verb + the most/least + Adjective + ( Noun ) + of/in + Group | She is the most beautiful girl in the town. | वह शहर में सबसे सुंदर लड़की है। |
| With “one of the” | Subject + Verb + one of the + Superlative Adjective + Plural Noun | He is one of the tallest boys. | वह सबसे लंबे लड़कों में से एक है। |
Rules for Superlative Degree
| Rule No. | Rule Description | Example | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Used for comparing three or more (तीन या अधिक के लिए) | Mount Everest is the highest peak. | माउंट एवरेस्ट सबसे ऊँची चोटी है। |
| 2 | Always use “the” before superlative (हमेशा ‘the’ लगाएँ) | She is the best singer. | वह सबसे अच्छी गायिका है। |
| 3 | For one-syllable adjectives, add -est (एकाक्षरी में -est) | tall → tallest, fast → fastest | लंबा → सबसे लंबा |
| 4 | For multi-syllable adjectives, use most/least (बहुअक्षरी में most/least) | beautiful → most beautiful | सुंदर → सबसे सुंदर |
| 5 | After superlative, use of (for same group) or in (for place) | of all, in the world | सब में, दुनिया में |
Superlative Degree Examples with Hindi
| English Sentence | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|
| One-Syllable Adjectives | |
| Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. | माउंट एवरेस्ट दुनिया की सबसे ऊँची पर्वत चोटी है। |
| This is the oldest temple in the city. | यह शहर का सबसे पुराना मंदिर है। |
| He is the fastest runner in our school. | वह हमारे स्कूल का सबसे तेज़ धावक है। |
| Multi-Syllable Adjectives | |
| She is the most intelligent student in the class. | वह कक्षा की सबसे बुद्धिमान छात्रा है। |
| This is the most expensive car in the showroom. | यह शोरूम की सबसे महंगी कार है। |
| It was the most beautiful scene I’ve ever seen. | यह अब तक देखा गया सबसे सुंदर दृश्य था। |
| One of the Structure | |
| He is one of the richest men in India. | वह भारत के सबसे अमीर लोगों में से एक है। |
| This is one of the best movies of this year. | यह इस वर्ष की सबसे अच्छी फिल्मों में से एक है। |
| She is one of the tallest girls in the team. | वह टीम की सबसे लंबी लड़कियों में से एक है। |
6. FORMATION OF COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE – COMPLETE RULES
Rule 1: One-Syllable Adjectives
| Base Adjective | Comparative | Superlative | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| tall | taller | tallest | Add -er, -est |
| small | smaller | smallest | Add -er, -est |
| great | greater | greatest | Add -er, -est |
| fast | faster | fastest | Add -er, -est |
| Exception: | |||
| good | better | best | Irregular |
| bad | worse | worst | Irregular |
| far | farther/further | farthest/furthest | Irregular |
Rule 2: One-Syllable Ending in -e
| Base Adjective | Comparative | Superlative | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| large | larger | largest | Add -r, -st |
| wise | wiser | wisest | Add -r, -st |
| brave | braver | bravest | Add -r, -st |
| fine | finer | finest | Add -r, -st |
| Example: | |||
| This box is larger than that. | यह बक्सा उससे बड़ा है। | ||
| This is the largest box. | यह सबसे बड़ा बक्सा है। |
Rule 3: One-Syllable Ending in Consonant + Vowel + Consonant
| Base Adjective | Comparative | Superlative | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| big | bigger | biggest | Double last letter + -er, -est |
| hot | hotter | hottest | Double last letter + -er, -est |
| fat | fatter | fattest | Double last letter + -er, -est |
| thin | thinner | thinnest | Double last letter + -er, -est |
| Example: | |||
| Today is hotter than yesterday. | आज कल से अधिक गर्म है। | ||
| This is the hottest day of the year. | यह साल का सबसे गर्म दिन है। |
Rule 4: Two-Syllable Ending in -y
| Base Adjective | Comparative | Superlative | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| happy | happier | happiest | Change y to i + -er, -est |
| easy | easier | easiest | Change y to i + -er, -est |
| funny | funnier | funniest | Change y to i + -er, -est |
| heavy | heavier | heaviest | Change y to i + -er, -est |
| Example: | |||
| She is happier than her sister. | वह अपनी बहन से अधिक खुश है। | ||
| This is the happiest day of my life. | यह मेरे जीवन का सबसे खुशी का दिन है। |
Rule 5: Two or More Syllable Adjectives
| Base Adjective | Comparative | Superlative | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| beautiful | more beautiful | most beautiful | Use more/most |
| interesting | more interesting | most interesting | Use more/most |
| expensive | more expensive | most expensive | Use more/most |
| intelligent | more intelligent | most intelligent | Use more/most |
| Example: | |||
| This painting is more beautiful than that. | यह पेंटिंग उससे अधिक सुंदर है। | ||
| This is the most beautiful painting. | यह सबसे सुंदर पेंटिंग है। |
7. IRREGULAR COMPARISONS (अनियमित तुलनाएँ)
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | Hindi Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| good | better | best | अच्छा |
| well | better | best | अच्छी तरह से |
| bad | worse | worst | बुरा |
| ill | worse | worst | बीमार |
| much | more | most | अधिक (गणना न हो सके) |
| many | more | most | अधिक (गणना हो सके) |
| little | less | least | थोड़ा |
| far | farther/further | farthest/furthest | दूर |
| late | later/latter | latest/last | देर/अंतिम |
| old | older/elder | oldest/eldest | बूढ़ा/बड़ा |
Examples with Hindi
| Positive | Comparative Example | Hindi | Superlative Example | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| good | Your handwriting is better than mine. | तुम्हारी लिखावट मुझसे बेहतर है। | This is the best book. | यह सबसे अच्छी किताब है। |
| bad | This situation is worse than before. | यह स्थिति पहले से बदतर है। | This is the worst day. | यह सबसे बुरा दिन है। |
| much | I have more money than you. | मेरे पास तुमसे अधिक पैसा है। | I have the most money. | मेरे पास सबसे अधिक पैसा है। |
| little | I have less time than him. | मेरे पास उससे कम समय है। | I have the least time. | मेरे पास सबसे कम समय है। |
| far | Delhi is farther than Agra. | दिल्ली आगरा से दूर है। | This is the farthest point. | यह सबसे दूर बिंदु है। |
8. COMPARISON WITH “AS…AS” AND “THAN” – DETAILED
Positive Degree Structures
| Structure | Formula | Example | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Equality | as + adjective + as | Ram is as tall as Shyam. | राम उतना लंबा है जितना श्याम। |
| Negative Equality | not so/as + adjective + as | Ram is not so tall as Shyam. | राम उतना लंबा नहीं है जितना श्याम। |
| Double Equality | as + adjective + as + noun/pronoun | She is as beautiful as a rose. | वह गुलाब जितनी सुंदर है। |
Comparative Degree Structures
| Structure | Formula | Example | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | adjective + er + than | Iron is harder than gold. | लोहा सोने से कठोर है। |
| With more | more + adjective + than | She is more careful than him. | वह उससे अधिक सावधान है। |
| With less | less + adjective + than | He is less careful than her. | वह उससे कम सावधान है। |
Superlative Degree Structures
| Structure | Formula | Example | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|
| With “in” (place) | the + superlative + in + place | He is the tallest boy in the class. | वह कक्षा में सबसे लंबा लड़का है। |
| With “of” (group) | the + superlative + of + group | He is the tallest of all boys. | वह सभी लड़कों में सबसे लंबा है। |
| One of the | one of the + superlative + plural noun | He is one of the tallest boys. | वह सबसे लंबे लड़कों में से एक है। |
9. INTERCHANGE OF DEGREES (डिग्रियों का परस्पर परिवर्तन)
Conversion Rules
| From | To | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive → Comparative | Positive | Remove ‘as…as’, use ‘than’ | Positive: Ram is as tall as Shyam. Comparative: Shyam is not taller than Ram. |
| Positive → Superlative | Positive | Use ‘the + superlative + of/in’ | Positive: No other boy is as tall as Ram. Superlative: Ram is the tallest boy. |
| Comparative → Positive | Comparative + than | Use ‘as…as’ with opposite meaning | Comparative: Ram is taller than Shyam. Positive: Shyam is not as tall as Ram. |
| Comparative → Superlative | Comparative + than all others | Use ‘the + superlative’ | Comparative: Ram is taller than any other boy. Superlative: Ram is the tallest boy. |
| Superlative → Comparative | the + superlative | Use ‘comparative + than any other’ | Superlative: Ram is the tallest boy. Comparative: Ram is taller than any other boy. |
| Superlative → Positive | the + superlative | Use ‘No other… as…as’ | Superlative: Ram is the tallest boy. Positive: No other boy is as tall as Ram. |
Detailed Conversion Examples with Hindi
Example 1: Positive to Comparative
| Degree | English Sentence | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Positive | Ram is as tall as Shyam. | राम उतना लंबा है जितना श्याम। |
| Comparative | Shyam is not taller than Ram. | श्याम राम से लंबा नहीं है। |
Example 2: Positive to Superlative
| Degree | English Sentence | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Positive | No other boy is as tall as Ram. | राम जितना लंबा कोई अन्य लड़का नहीं है। |
| Superlative | Ram is the tallest boy. | राम सबसे लंबा लड़का है। |
Example 3: Comparative to Positive
| Degree | English Sentence | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Comparative | Ram is taller than Shyam. | राम श्याम से लंबा है। |
| Positive | Shyam is not as tall as Ram. | श्याम राम जितना लंबा नहीं है। |
Example 4: Comparative to Superlative
| Degree | English Sentence | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Comparative | Ram is taller than any other boy. | राम अन्य सभी लड़कों से लंबा है। |
| Superlative | Ram is the tallest boy. | राम सबसे लंबा लड़का है। |
Example 5: Superlative to Comparative
| Degree | English Sentence | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Superlative | Ram is the tallest boy. | राम सबसे लंबा लड़का है। |
| Comparative | Ram is taller than any other boy. | राम अन्य सभी लड़कों से लंबा है। |
Example 6: Superlative to Positive
| Degree | English Sentence | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Superlative | Ram is the tallest boy. | राम सबसे लंबा लड़का है। |
| Positive | No other boy is as tall as Ram. | राम जितना लंबा कोई अन्य लड़का नहीं है। |
10. COMMON ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS
| Error Type | Incorrect Sentence | Correct Sentence | Hindi Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Double Comparative | She is more smarter than me. | She is smarter than me. | ‘more’ और ‘smarter’ दोनों का एक साथ प्रयोग गलत है। |
| Double Superlative | This is the most best book. | This is the best book. | ‘most’ और ‘best’ दोनों का एक साथ प्रयोग गलत है। |
| Wrong “than/as” | She is taller as me. | She is taller than me. | Comparative में ‘than’ का प्रयोग होता है, ‘as’ का नहीं। |
| Missing “the” | He is tallest boy. | He is the tallest boy. | Superlative से पहले ‘the’ अनिवार्य है। |
| Wrong pronoun | He is taller than me. | He is taller than I (am). | Formal English में ‘than I’ सही है। |
| Comparing different things | Your car is faster than my. | Your car is faster than mine. | तुलना समान चीजों में होनी चाहिए। |
| Using “than” with positive | She is as tall than me. | She is as tall as me. | Positive degree में ‘as…as’ का प्रयोग होता है। |
11. SPECIAL STRUCTURES AND IDIOMATIC COMPARISONS
| Structure | Formula | Example | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Progressive Comparison | comparative + and + comparative | The weather is getting colder and colder. | मौसम ठंडा और ठंडा होता जा रहा है। |
| Parallel Increase | the + comparative…, the + comparative | The more you eat, the fatter you become. | जितना अधिक खाओगे, उतने मोटे होते जाओगे। |
| Similarity | as + adjective + as + noun | He is as brave as a lion. | वह शेर जितना बहादुर है। |
| Inferiority | less + adjective + than | This book is less interesting than that. | यह किताब उससे कम रोचक है। |
| Superiority | more + adjective + than | This is more important than that. | यह उससे अधिक महत्वपूर्ण है। |
| Equality in Negative | not any + comparative + than | He is not any taller than me. | वह मुझसे जरा भी लंबा नहीं है। |
12. COMPLETE SUMMARY TABLE
| Aspect | Positive Degree | Comparative Degree | Superlative Degree |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Items | One (or two for equality) | Two | Three or more |
| Key Words | as…as, so…as | than | the, of, in |
| Formation Rule | Base form | -er / more + adj | -est / most + adj |
| Question Answered | कैसा है? | दो में कौन अधिक? | सबमें कौन सबसे अधिक? |
| Example (good) | as good as | better than | the best |
| Example (beautiful) | as beautiful as | more beautiful than | the most beautiful |
| Example (tall) | as tall as | taller than | the tallest |
| Hindi Marker | उतना…जितना | …से अधिक | सबसे |
13. PRACTICE EXERCISES WITH ANSWERS
Fill in the Blanks
| No. | Sentence | Answer | Hindi Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ram is ______ (tall) than Shyam. | taller | राम श्याम से लंबा है। |
| 2 | She is the ______ (beautiful) girl. | most beautiful | वह सबसे सुंदर लड़की है। |
| 3 | This book is as ______ (interesting) as that. | interesting | यह किताब उतनी ही रोचक है जितनी वह। |
| 4 | He is ______ (good) than his brother. | better | वह अपने भाई से बेहतर है। |
| 5 | This is the ______ (bad) movie I’ve seen. | worst | यह मेरी देखी गई सबसे बुरी फिल्म है। |
| 6 | She runs ______ (fast) than me. | faster | वह मुझसे तेज़ दौड़ती है। |
| 7 | Mount Everest is ______ (high) peak. | the highest | माउंट एवरेस्ट सबसे ऊँची चोटी है। |
| 8 | He is not as ______ (intelligent) as his sister. | intelligent | वह अपनी बहन जितना बुद्धिमान नहीं है। |
Convert the Degrees
| No. | Given Sentence | Convert to | Answer |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ram is the tallest boy. | Positive | No other boy is as tall as Ram. |
| 2 | She is more beautiful than her sister. | Positive | Her sister is not as beautiful as her. |
| 3 | No other metal is as useful as iron. | Superlative | Iron is the most useful metal. |
| 4 | He is better than any other student. | Superlative | He is the best student. |
| 5 | This is the most expensive car. | Comparative | This car is more expensive than any other car. |
14. QUICK REFERENCE CHART
┌─────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┐ │ POSITIVE │ COMPARATIVE │ SUPERLATIVE │ ├─────────────────┼─────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ as tall as │ taller than │ the tallest │ │ as good as │ better than │ the best │ │ as bad as │ worse than │ the worst │ │ as much as │ more than │ the most │ │ as little as │ less than │ the least │ │ as far as │ farther than │ the farthest │ └─────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┘ KEY FORMULAS: ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── POSITIVE: as + adjective + as (उतना...जितना) COMPARATIVE: adjective + er + than (...से अधिक) SUPERLATIVE: the + adjective + est (सबसे...) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

Charles R. Swindoll

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