Direct and Indirect Speech – Complete Guide (Hindi + English)

Direct Speech क्या है? (What is Direct Speech?)

Hindi: Direct Speech में हम किसी व्यक्ति के ठीक वैसे ही शब्दों को दोहराते हैं जैसे उसने कहे। इसे quotation marks (” “) के अंदर लिखा जाता है।
English: In Direct Speech, we repeat the exact words spoken by a person. It is written inside quotation marks (” “).

Example:
Ram (राम) said (कहा), “I (मैं) am going (जा रहा हूँ) to school (स्कूल) .”

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Indirect Speech क्या है? (What is Indirect Speech?)

Hindi: Indirect Speech में हम किसी व्यक्ति के शब्दों को अपने शब्दों में बताते हैं, बिना quotation marks के। Tense, pronouns और time/place words बदल जाते हैं।
English: In Indirect Speech, we report someone’s words in our own words, without quotation marks. Tense, pronouns, and time/place words change.

Example:
Ram (राम) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was going (जा रहा था) to school (स्कूल) .

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Rule 1: Reporting Verb और Inverted Commas (Rules of Change)

Hindi:

1. Direct Speech में Reporting Verb (जैसे – said, told, asked) बाहर होता है और Reported Speech inverted commas के अंदर।
2. Indirect Speech में inverted commas हटा दिए जाते हैं।
3. अक्सर that लगाया जाता है (Assertive sentences में)।
4. Reporting Verb के बाद कोई change नहीं होता, लेकिन उसका object ज़रूर देखें।

English:

1. In Direct Speech, the Reporting Verb is outside, and the Reported Speech is inside inverted commas.
2. In Indirect Speech, inverted commas are removed.
3. Usually, that is used (for assertive sentences).
4. The Reporting Verb remains unchanged, but check if it has an object.

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Rule 2: Change of Pronouns (सर्वनाम में परिवर्तन)

Hindi नियम:

SON (Subject – Object – No change) Formula:

· पहले Person (I, we, my, our, me, us) → Reporting Verb के Subject के अनुसार बदलो
· दूसरे Person (you, your) → Reporting Verb के Object के अनुसार बदलो
· तीसरे Person (he, she, it, they, him, her, them, his, her, their) → कोई change नहीं

English Rule:

· First Person (I, we, my, our, me, us) → changes according to the Subject of the Reporting Verb
· Second Person (you, your) → changes according to the Object of the Reporting Verb
· Third Person (he, she, it, they, him, her, them, his, her, their) → no change

Examples:

Direct: Ram (राम) said (कहा), “I (मैं) am happy (खुश हूँ) .”
Indirect: Ram (राम) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was happy (खुश था) .

Direct: I (मैं) said to you (तुमसे कहा), “You (तुम) are right (सही हो) .”
Indirect: I (मैं) told you (तुमसे कहा) that (कि) you (तुम) were right (सही थे) .

Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “He (वह) is my (मेरा) brother (भाई) .”
Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was her (उसका) brother (भाई) .

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Rule 3: Change of Tense (Tense में परिवर्तन)

Hindi नियम (महत्वपूर्ण):

यदि Reporting Verb Present या Future Tense में है → Reported Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता।
यदि Reporting Verb Past Tense में है → Reported Speech का Tense पीछे हट जाता है (एक step back)।

English Rule:

If the Reporting Verb is in Present or Future Tense → the tense of Reported Speech does not change.
If the Reporting Verb is in Past Tense → the tense of Reported Speech changes one step back.

Tense Change Table (in text form):

1. Simple Present (V1) → Simple Past (V2)
      Direct: He said, “I eat (खाता हूँ) an apple.”
      Indirect: He said that he ate (खाता था) an apple.
2. Present Continuous (is/am/are + V-ing) → Past Continuous (was/were + V-ing)
      Direct: He said, “I am eating (खा रहा हूँ) an apple.”
      Indirect: He said that he was eating (खा रहा था) an apple.
3. Present Perfect (has/have + V3) → Past Perfect (had + V3)
      Direct: He said, “I have eaten (खा चुका हूँ) an apple.”
      Indirect: He said that he had eaten (खा चुका था) an apple.
4. Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
      Direct: He said, “I have been eating (खा रहा हूँ) for an hour.”
      Indirect: He said that he had been eating (खा रहा था) for an hour.
5. Simple Past (V2) → Past Perfect (had + V3)
      Direct: He said, “I ate (खाया) an apple.”
      Indirect: He said that he had eaten (खा चुका था) an apple.
6. Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
      Direct: He said, “I was eating (खा रहा था) an apple.”
      Indirect: He said that he had been eating (खा रहा था) an apple.
7. Past Perfect → Past Perfect (no change)
      Direct: He said, “I had eaten (खा चुका था) an apple.”
      Indirect: He said that he had eaten (खा चुका था) an apple.
8. Future (will) → would
      Direct: He said, “I will eat (खाऊँगा) an apple.”
      Indirect: He said that he would eat (खाएगा) an apple.
9. Future Continuous → would be + V-ing
      Direct: He said, “I will be eating (खा रहा होगा) an apple.”
      Indirect: He said that he would be eating (खा रहा होगा) an apple.
10. Future Perfect → would have + V3
        Direct: He said, “I will have eaten (खा चुका होगा) an apple.”
        Indirect: He said that he would have eaten (खा चुका होगा) an apple.

Exception: No Change in Tense

Hindi:

यदि Reported Speech में Universal Truth (हमेशा सच) या Habitual Fact (आदत) हो, तो Tense नहीं बदलता।

English:

If the Reported Speech contains a Universal Truth or a Habitual Fact, the tense does not change.

Direct: The teacher said, “The sun rises (उगता है) in the east.”
Indirect: The teacher said that the sun rises (उगता है) in the east.

Direct: He said, “I wake up (उठता हूँ) at 6 AM every day.”
Indirect: He said that he wakes up (उठता है) at 6 AM every day.

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Rule 4: Change of Time and Place Words (समय और स्थान के शब्द)

Hindi:

Direct में Indirect में
Now Then (तब)
Today That day (उस दिन)
Tomorrow The next day / The following day (अगले दिन)
Yesterday The day before / The previous day (पिछले दिन)
Here There (वहाँ)
This That (वह)
These Those (वे)
Tonight That night (उस रात)
Last week The previous week (पिछले सप्ताह)
Next week The following week (अगले सप्ताह)
Ago Before (पहले)

English:

Direct Indirect
Now Then
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The day before
Here There
This That
These Those
Tonight That night
Last week The previous week
Next week The following week
Ago Before

Examples:

Direct: He said, “I am here (यहाँ) now (अब) .”
Indirect: He said that he was there (वहाँ) then (तब) .

Direct: She said, “I will come tomorrow (कल) .”
Indirect: She said that she would come the next day (अगले दिन) .

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Rule 5: Change of Modal Auxiliaries (मोडल्स में परिवर्तन)

Hindi:

Direct में Indirect में
Can Could (सकता था)
May Might (सकता था)
Must Had to (था / थी / थे)
Will Would
Shall Should
Could Could (no change)
Might Might (no change)
Should Should (no change)
Would Would (no change)
Ought to Ought to (no change)

English:

Direct Indirect
Can Could
May Might
Must Had to
Will Would
Shall Should
Could Could (no change)
Might Might (no change)
Should Should (no change)
Would Would (no change)
Ought to Ought to (no change)

Examples:

Direct: He said, “I can swim (तैर सकता हूँ) .”
Indirect: He said that he could swim (तैर सकता था) .

Direct: She said, “I may come (आ सकती हूँ) .”
Indirect: She said that she might come (आ सकती थी) .

Direct: He said, “I must go (जाना है) .”
Indirect: He said that he had to go (जाना था) .

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Sentence Type 1: Assertive Sentences (साधारण वाक्य)

Structure (Indirect):

Hindi: कर्ता + said/told + that + नया कर्ता + नई क्रिया + कर्म
English: Subject + said/told + that + new subject + new verb + object

Rules:

1. Inverted commas हटाएँ।
2. That लगाएँ।
3. Tense, pronoun, time/place words बदलें।
4. Said to → told (यदि object हो)।
5. Said (without object) → said (no change)।

10 Examples:

1. Direct: Ram (राम) said (कहा), “I (मैं) am tired (थका हूँ) .”
      Indirect: Ram (राम) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was tired (थका था) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “You (तुम) are my (मेरे) best friend (सबसे अच्छे दोस्त) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) told me (मुझसे कहा) that (कि) I (मैं) was her (उसका) best friend (सबसे अच्छा दोस्त था) .
3. Direct: They (उन्होंने) said (कहा), “We (हम) are playing (खेल रहे हैं) cricket (क्रिकेट) .”
      Indirect: They (उन्होंने) said (कहा) that (कि) they (वे) were playing (खेल रहे थे) cricket (क्रिकेट) .
4. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) have finished (खत्म कर लिया है) my work (अपना काम) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (उसने) had finished (खत्म कर लिया था) his work (अपना काम) .
5. Direct: My mother (मेरी माँ) said (कहा), “I (मैं) will cook (बनाऊँगी) dinner (खाना) .”
      Indirect: My mother (मेरी माँ) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) would cook (बनाएगी) dinner (खाना) .
6. Direct: The teacher (शिक्षक) said (कहा), “The earth (पृथ्वी) revolves (घूमती है) around the sun (सूरज के चारों ओर) .”
      Indirect: The teacher (शिक्षक) said (कहा) that (कि) the earth (पृथ्वी) revolves (घूमती है) around the sun (सूरज के चारों ओर) . (No tense change – Universal Truth)
7. Direct: He (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “I (मैं) was waiting (इंतज़ार कर रहा था) for you (तुम्हारा) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) told me (मुझसे कहा) that (कि) he (वह) had been waiting (इंतज़ार कर रहा था) for me (मेरा) .
8. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) can help (मदद कर सकती हूँ) you (तुम्हारी) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) could help (मदद कर सकती थी) me (मेरी) .
9. Direct: They (उन्होंने) said to him (उससे कहा), “We (हम) will be there (वहाँ होंगे) tomorrow (कल) .”
      Indirect: They (उन्होंने) told him (उससे कहा) that (कि) they (वे) would be there (वहाँ होंगे) the next day (अगले दिन) .
10. Direct: I (मैं) said (कहा), “This (यह) is my (मेरी) book (किताब) .”
        Indirect: I (मैं) said (कहा) that (कि) that (वह) was my (मेरी) book (किताब) .

Sentence Type 2: Interrogative Sentences (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य)

Structure (Indirect):

Hindi: कर्ता + asked/enquired + if/whether (हाँ/नहीं वाले प्रश्न) या question word (what, where, etc.) + नया कर्ता + नई क्रिया + कर्म
English: Subject + asked/enquired + if/whether (for yes/no questions) or question word (what, where, etc.) + new subject + new verb + object

Rules:

1. Inverted commas हटाएँ।
2. Reporting Verb को asked या enquired में बदलें (said to → asked)।
3. Question mark (?) हटाकर full stop (.) लगाएँ।
4. Tense, pronoun, time/place words बदलें।
5. हाँ/नहीं वाले प्रश्नों के लिए if या whether लगाएँ।
6. Wh-questions (what, where, why, when, how, etc.) में wh-word ही रहता है, if/whether नहीं लगता।
7. Helping verb (do/does/did) हट जाता है, verb अपनी normal form में आ जाती है।

10 Examples:

1. Direct: Ram (राम) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Are you (क्या तुम) coming (आ रहे हो) ?”
      Indirect: Ram (राम) asked me (मुझसे पूछा) if (क्या) I (मैं) was coming (आ रहा था) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Do you (क्या तुम) like (पसंद करते हो) coffee (कॉफी) ?”
      Indirect: She (उसने) asked (पूछा) if (क्या) I (मैं) liked (पसंद करता था) coffee (कॉफी) .
3. Direct: He (उसने) said to her (उससे कहा), “Where (कहाँ) do you live (रहते हो) ?”
      Indirect: He (उसने) asked her (उससे पूछा) where (कहाँ) she (वह) lived (रहती थी) .
4. Direct: The teacher (शिक्षक) said to the student (छात्र से कहा), “Why (क्यों) are you late (देर से हो) ?”
      Indirect: The teacher (शिक्षक) asked the student (छात्र से पूछा) why (क्यों) he (वह) was late (देर से था) .
5. Direct: I (मैं) said to him (उससे कहा), “Can you (क्या तुम) help (मदद कर सकते हो) me (मेरी) ?”
      Indirect: I (मैं) asked him (उससे पूछा) if (क्या) he (वह) could help (मदद कर सकता था) me (मेरी) .
6. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “What (क्या) is your (तुम्हारा) name (नाम) ?”
      Indirect: She (उसने) asked (पूछा) what (क्या) my (मेरा) name (नाम) was (था) .
7. Direct: They (उन्होंने) said to us (हमसे कहा), “Did you (क्या तुमने) finish (खत्म किया) the work (काम) ?”
      Indirect: They (उन्होंने) asked us (हमसे पूछा) if (क्या) we (हमने) had finished (खत्म किया था) the work (काम) .
8. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “When (कब) will you return (लौटोगे) ?”
      Indirect: He (उसने) asked (पूछा) when (कब) I (मैं) would return (लौटूँगा) .
9. Direct: The policeman (पुलिस वाले) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Where (कहाँ) are you going (जा रहे हो) ?”
      Indirect: The policeman (पुलिस वाले) asked me (मुझसे पूछा) where (कहाँ) I (मैं) was going (जा रहा था) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Do you (क्या तुम) speak (बोलते हो) English (अंग्रेज़ी) ?”
        Indirect: She (उसने) asked (पूछा) if (क्या) I (मैं) spoke (बोलता था) English (अंग्रेज़ी) .

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Sentence Type 3: Imperative Sentences (आदेश / अनुरोध / सलाह / निषेध)

Structure (Indirect):

Hindi: कर्ता + ordered/requested/advised/forbade + object + to + verb (1st form)
English: Subject + ordered/requested/advised/forbade + object + to + verb (1st form)

Rules:

1. Inverted commas हटाएँ।
2. Reporting Verb को बदलें:
   · आदेश (order) → ordered / commanded
   · अनुरोध (request) → requested / begged
   · सलाह (advice) → advised / suggested
   · निषेध (negative command like “Don’t”) → forbade या asked + not to
3. “To” लगाएँ (except forbade)।
4. Negative commands में “not to” लगता है।
5. Let वाले वाक्यों के लिए “suggested that” या “proposed that” + should।

10 Examples:

1. Direct: Ram (राम) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Open (खोलो) the door (दरवाजा) .”
      Indirect: Ram (राम) ordered me (मुझे आदेश दिया) to open (खोलने को) the door (दरवाजा) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said to him (उससे कहा), “Please help (कृपया मदद करो) me (मेरी) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) requested him (उससे अनुरोध किया) to help (मदद करने को) her (उसकी) .
3. Direct: The teacher (शिक्षक) said to the students (छात्रों से कहा), “Work hard (मेहनत करो) .”
      Indirect: The teacher (शिक्षक) advised the students (छात्रों को सलाह दी) to work hard (मेहनत करने की) .
4. Direct: He (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Don’t (मत) smoke (धूम्रपान करो) here (यहाँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) forbade me (मुझे मना किया) to smoke (धूम्रपान करने से) there (वहाँ) .
      (या) He told me not to smoke there.
5. Direct: The doctor (डॉक्टर) said to the patient (मरीज़ से कहा), “Take (लो) your medicine (अपनी दवाई) .”
      Indirect: The doctor (डॉक्टर) advised the patient (मरीज़ को सलाह दी) to take (लेने को) his medicine (अपनी दवाई) .
6. Direct: She (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Please sit down (कृपया बैठ जाओ) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) requested me (मुझसे अनुरोध किया) to sit down (बैठ जाने को) .
7. Direct: The commander (कमांडर) said to the soldiers (सैनिकों से कहा), “Fire (गोली चलाओ) !”
      Indirect: The commander (कमांडर) ordered the soldiers (सैनिकों को आदेश दिया) to fire (गोली चलाने को) .
8. Direct: He (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Don’t (मत) waste (बर्बाद करो) your time (अपना समय) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) advised me (मुझे सलाह दी) not to waste (बर्बाद न करने को) my time (अपना समय) .
9. Direct: My father (मेरे पिताजी) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Respect (सम्मान करो) your elders (अपने बड़ों का) .”
      Indirect: My father (मेरे पिताजी) advised me (मुझे सलाह दी) to respect (सम्मान करने को) my elders (अपने बड़ों का) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said to him (उससे कहा), “Let’s (चलो) go to the park (पार्क चलते हैं) .”
        Indirect: She (उसने) suggested to him (उससे सुझाव दिया) that (कि) they (वे) should go (जाएँ) to the park (पार्क) .

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Sentence Type 4: Exclamatory Sentences (विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य)

Structure (Indirect):

Hindi: कर्ता + exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise + that + नया कर्ता + नई क्रिया + very/great
English: Subject + exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise + that + new subject + new verb + very/great

Rules:

1. Inverted commas हटाएँ।
2. Reporting Verb को exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, exclaimed with surprise में बदलें।
3. That लगाएँ।
4. भावना के अनुसार what/how हटाकर very/great लगाएँ।
5. Tense, pronoun, time/place words बदलें।

10 Examples:

1. Direct: Ram (राम) said (कहा), “What a beautiful (कितनी सुंदर) flower (फूल) !”
      Indirect: Ram (राम) exclaimed with surprise (आश्चर्य से कहा) that (कि) it (वह) was a very beautiful (बहुत सुंदर) flower (फूल) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Alas (हाय) ! I (मैं) am ruined (बर्बाद हो गया हूँ) !”
      Indirect: She (उसने) exclaimed with sorrow (दुःख से कहा) that (कि) she (वह) was ruined (बर्बाद हो गई थी) .
3. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Hurrah (वाह) ! We (हम) have won (जीत गए हैं) the match (मैच) !”
      Indirect: He (उसने) exclaimed with joy (खुशी से कहा) that (कि) they (वे) had won (जीत गए थे) the match (मैच) .
4. Direct: The children (बच्चों ने) said (कहा), “How fast (कितनी तेज़) the car (गाड़ी) is (है) !”
      Indirect: The children (बच्चों ने) exclaimed with surprise (आश्चर्य से कहा) that (कि) the car (गाड़ी) was very fast (बहुत तेज़ थी) .
5. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “What a lovely (कितनी प्यारी) baby (बच्ची) !”
      Indirect: She (उसने) exclaimed with joy (खुशी से कहा) that (कि) it (वह) was a very lovely (बहुत प्यारी) baby (बच्ची) .
6. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Oh no (अरे नहीं) ! I (मैं) forgot (भूल गया) my keys (अपनी चाबियाँ) !”
      Indirect: He (उसने) exclaimed with sorrow (दुःख से कहा) that (कि) he (वह) had forgotten (भूल गया था) his keys (अपनी चाबियाँ) .
7. Direct: They (उन्होंने) said (कहा), “What a great victory (कितनी बड़ी जीत) !”
      Indirect: They (उन्होंने) exclaimed with joy (खुशी से कहा) that (कि) it (वह) was a very great victory (बहुत बड़ी जीत थी) .
8. Direct: The man (आदमी ने) said (कहा), “How foolish (कितना मूर्ख) I am (हूँ) !”
      Indirect: The man (आदमी ने) exclaimed with sorrow (दुःख से कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was very foolish (बहुत मूर्ख था) .
9. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “What a delicious (कितना स्वादिष्ट) meal (खाना) !”
      Indirect: She (उसने) exclaimed with joy (खुशी से कहा) that (कि) it (वह) was a very delicious (बहुत स्वादिष्ट) meal (खाना) .
10. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Wow (वाह) ! What a performance (कितना शानदार प्रदर्शन) !”
        Indirect: He (उसने) exclaimed with surprise (आश्चर्य से कहा) that (कि) it (वह) was a very great performance (बहुत शानदार प्रदर्शन था) .

—

Sentence Type 5: Optative Sentences (इच्छा / आशीर्वाद / प्रार्थना के वाक्य)

Structure (Indirect):

Hindi: कर्ता + wished/blessed/prayed + that + नया कर्ता + might + क्रिया
English: Subject + wished/blessed/prayed + that + new subject + might + verb

Rules:

1. Inverted commas हटाएँ।
2. Reporting Verb को wished, blessed, prayed में बदलें।
3. That लगाएँ।
4. May → might में बदलें।
5. Tense, pronoun, time/place words बदलें।

10 Examples:

1. Direct: Ram (राम) said (कहा), “May you (तुम) live long (लंबी उम्र जियो) !”
      Indirect: Ram (राम) wished (शुभकामना दी) that (कि) I (मैं) might live long (लंबी उम्र जिऊँ) .
2. Direct: The old man (बूढ़े आदमी ने) said (कहा), “May God (भगवान) bless you (तुम्हें आशीर्वाद दें) !”
      Indirect: The old man (बूढ़े आदमी ने) blessed (आशीर्वाद दिया) me (मुझे) that (कि) God (भगवान) might bless (आशीर्वाद दें) me (मुझे) .
3. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “May you (तुम) succeed (सफल हो) !”
      Indirect: She (उसने) wished (शुभकामना दी) that (कि) I (मैं) might succeed (सफल होऊँ) .
4. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “May you (तुम) be happy (खुश रहो) !”
      Indirect: He (उसने) wished (शुभकामना दी) that (कि) I (मैं) might be happy (खुश रहूँ) .
5. Direct: The mother (माँ ने) said (कहा), “May my son (मेरा बेटा) prosper (तरक्की करे) !”
      Indirect: The mother (माँ ने) wished (शुभकामना दी) that (कि) her son (उसका बेटा) might prosper (तरक्की करे) .
6. Direct: They (उन्होंने) said (कहा), “May you (तुम) get well soon (जल्दी ठीक हो जाओ) !”
      Indirect: They (उन्होंने) wished (शुभकामना दी) that (कि) I (मैं) might get well soon (जल्दी ठीक हो जाऊँ) .
7. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “May you (तुम) win (जीतो) the race (दौड़) !”
      Indirect: He (उसने) wished (शुभकामना दी) that (कि) I (मैं) might win (जीतूँ) the race (दौड़) .
8. Direct: The priest (पुजारी ने) said (कहा), “May peace (शांति) prevail (कायम रहे) everywhere (हर जगह) !”
      Indirect: The priest (पुजारी ने) prayed (प्रार्थना की) that (कि) peace (शांति) might prevail (कायम रहे) everywhere (हर जगह) .
9. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “May you (तुम) get (पाओ) the job (नौकरी) !”
      Indirect: She (उसने) wished (शुभकामना दी) that (कि) I (मैं) might get (पाऊँ) the job (नौकरी) .
10. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “May you (तुम) always (हमेशा) be blessed (आशीर्वादित रहो) !”
        Indirect: He (उसने) blessed (आशीर्वाद दिया) me (मुझे) that (कि) I (मैं) might always (हमेशा) be blessed (आशीर्वादित रहूँ) .

Special Rule: Sentences Starting with “Let”

For Suggestion (सुझाव):

Direct: He said, “Let’s go for a walk.”
Indirect: He suggested that we should go for a walk.

For Permission (अनुमति):

Direct: He said to me, “Let me go.”
Indirect: He requested that he might be allowed to go.
या He asked me to let him go.

For Proposal (प्रस्ताव):

Direct: He said, “Let us start early.”
Indirect: He proposed that they should start early.

—

Special Rule: Universal Truth, Habitual Fact, Historical Fact

Rule: Tense नहीं बदलता (No change in tense)

Direct: The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”
Indirect: The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

Direct: He said, “I wake up at 6 AM every day.”
Indirect: He said that he wakes up at 6 AM every day.

Direct: She said, “India became independent in 1947.”
Indirect: She said that India became independent in 1947.

—

Special Rule: Reporting Verb in Present or Future Tense

Rule: Tense नहीं बदलता (No change in tense)

Direct: He says, “I am happy.”
Indirect: He says that he is happy.

Direct: She will say, “I have finished my work.”
Indirect: She will say that she has finished her work.

Direct: They say, “We are playing cricket.”
Indirect: They say that they are playing cricket.

—

Summary of Reporting Verb Changes (सारांश)

Direct में Indirect में
Say / Says Say / Says (no change)
Said (no object) Said (no change)
Said to (with object) Told
Say to (with object) Tell
Asked (for questions) Asked (no change)
Said to (for questions) Asked
Said (for orders/requests) Ordered / Requested / Advised
Said (for exclamations) Exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise
Said (for wishes) Wished / Blessed / Prayed

—

Final Summary of All Rules (सभी नियमों का सारांश)

1. Inverted commas हटाएँ। (Remove inverted commas)
2. That लगाएँ (Assertive sentences में)। (Use “that” for assertive)
3. Pronouns बदलें (SON rule – Subject, Object, No change)। (Change pronouns)
4. Tense बदलें (Past reporting verb के साथ – one step back)। (Change tense if reporting verb is past)
5. Time/Place words बदलें (here → there, now → then, etc.)। (Change time/place words)
6. Modals बदलें (can → could, may → might, must → had to, will → would)। (Change modals)
7. Reporting Verb बदलें (say → ask, tell → order, etc.) according to sentence type. (Change reporting verb)

Rule 6: When Reporting Verb is in Present or Future Tense – No Change in Reported Speech Tense

Hindi:

अगर Reporting Verb Present Tense (says, say, is saying) या Future Tense (will say) में हो, तो Reported Speech का Tense बिल्कुल नहीं बदलता – चाहे Reported Speech किसी भी समय की हो।

English:

If the Reporting Verb is in Present Tense (says, say, is saying) or Future Tense (will say), the tense of the Reported Speech does NOT change – regardless of the time of the reported speech.

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (वह) says (कहता है), “I (मैं) was tired (थका हुआ था) yesterday (कल) .”
      Indirect: He (वह) says (कहता है) that (कि) he (वह) was tired (थका हुआ था) yesterday (कल) . (Tense नहीं बदला)
2. Direct: She (वह) says (कहती है), “I (मैं) will come (आऊँगी) tomorrow (कल) .”
      Indirect: She (वह) says (कहती है) that (कि) she (वह) will come (आएगी) tomorrow (कल) .
3. Direct: Ram (राम) says (कहता है), “I (मैं) am eating (खा रहा हूँ) an apple (सेब) .”
      Indirect: Ram (राम) says (कहता है) that (कि) he (वह) is eating (खा रहा है) an apple (सेब) .
4. Direct: They (वे) say (कहते हैं), “We (हम) have finished (खत्म कर लिया है) the work (काम) .”
      Indirect: They (वे) say (कहते हैं) that (कि) they (वे) have finished (खत्म कर लिया है) the work (काम) .
5. Direct: The teacher (शिक्षक) will say (कहेगा), “You (तुम) have passed (पास हो गए हो) the exam (परीक्षा) .”
      Indirect: The teacher (शिक्षक) will say (कहेगा) that (कि) you (तुम) have passed (पास हो गए हो) the exam (परीक्षा) .
6. Direct: My mother (मेरी माँ) says (कहती है), “I (मैं) was cooking (खाना बना रही थी) when you called (जब तुमने फोन किया) .”
      Indirect: My mother (मेरी माँ) says (कहती है) that (कि) she (वह) was cooking (खाना बना रही थी) when I called (जब मैंने फोन किया) .
7. Direct: He (वह) will say (कहेगा), “I (मैं) have been waiting (इंतज़ार कर रहा हूँ) for an hour (एक घंटे से) .”
      Indirect: He (वह) will say (कहेगा) that (कि) he (वह) has been waiting (इंतज़ार कर रहा है) for an hour (एक घंटे से) .
8. Direct: She (वह) says (कहती है), “I (मैं) can swim (तैर सकती हूँ) .”
      Indirect: She (वह) says (कहती है) that (कि) she (वह) can swim (तैर सकती है) .
9. Direct: They (वे) say (कहते हैं), “We (हम) were playing (खेल रहे थे) cricket (क्रिकेट) .”
      Indirect: They (वे) say (कहते हैं) that (कि) they (वे) were playing (खेल रहे थे) cricket (क्रिकेट) .
10. Direct: The doctor (डॉक्टर) says (कहता है), “You (तुम) must rest (आराम करो) .”
        Indirect: The doctor (डॉक्टर) says (कहता है) that (कि) you (तुम) must rest (आराम करो) .

—

Rule 7: Exception – When the Reported Speech is a Universal Truth or Habitual Fact

Hindi:

अगर Reported Speech Universal Truth (सार्वभौमिक सत्य) , Habitual Fact (आदत) , Historical Fact (ऐतिहासिक तथ्य) , या Scientific Fact (वैज्ञानिक तथ्य) हो, तो Reporting Verb Past में होने पर भी Tense नहीं बदलता।

English:

If the Reported Speech is a Universal Truth, Habitual Fact, Historical Fact, or Scientific Fact, the tense does NOT change even if the Reporting Verb is in the Past tense.

10 Examples:

1. Direct: The teacher (शिक्षक) said (कहा), “The earth (पृथ्वी) revolves (घूमती है) around the sun (सूरज के चारों ओर) .”
      Indirect: The teacher (शिक्षक) said (कहा) that (कि) the earth (पृथ्वी) revolves (घूमती है) around the sun (सूरज के चारों ओर) . (No change – Universal Truth)
2. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) wake up (उठता हूँ) at 6 AM daily (रोज़ सुबह 6 बजे) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) wakes up (उठता है) at 6 AM daily (रोज़ सुबह 6 बजे) . (No change – Habitual Fact)
3. Direct: The historian (इतिहासकार) said (कहा), “India (भारत) became independent (आज़ाद हुआ) in 1947 (1947 में) .”
      Indirect: The historian (इतिहासकार) said (कहा) that (कि) India (भारत) became independent (आज़ाद हुआ) in 1947 (1947 में) . (No change – Historical Fact)
4. Direct: The scientist (वैज्ञानिक) said (कहा), “Water (पानी) boils (उबलता है) at 100°C (100 डिग्री पर) .”
      Indirect: The scientist (वैज्ञानिक) said (कहा) that (कि) water (पानी) boils (उबलता है) at 100°C (100 डिग्री पर) .
5. Direct: My father (मेरे पिताजी) said (कहा), “Honesty (ईमानदारी) is the best policy (सबसे अच्छी नीति है) .”
      Indirect: My father (मेरे पिताजी) said (कहा) that (कि) honesty (ईमानदारी) is the best policy (सबसे अच्छी नीति है) .
6. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) brush (साफ करती हूँ) my teeth (अपने दाँत) twice a day (दिन में दो बार) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) brushes (साफ करती है) her teeth (अपने दाँत) twice a day (दिन में दो बार) .
7. Direct: The priest (पुजारी) said (कहा), “God (भगवान) is one (एक है) .”
      Indirect: The priest (पुजारी) said (कहा) that (कि) God (भगवान) is one (एक है) .
8. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “The Ganga (गंगा) flows (बहती है) into the Bay of Bengal (बंगाल की खाड़ी में) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) the Ganga (गंगा) flows (बहती है) into the Bay of Bengal (बंगाल की खाड़ी में) .
9. Direct: The coach (कोच) said (कहा), “Practice (अभ्यास) makes (बनाता है) perfect (परफेक्ट) .”
      Indirect: The coach (कोच) said (कहा) that (कि) practice (अभ्यास) makes (बनाता है) perfect (परफेक्ट) .
10. Direct: Grandma (दादी माँ) said (कहा), “Time (समय) and tide (ज्वार) wait (प्रतीक्षा नहीं करते) for none (किसी की) .”
        Indirect: Grandma (दादी माँ) said (कहा) that (कि) time (समय) and tide (ज्वार) wait (प्रतीक्षा नहीं करते) for none (किसी की) .

—

Rule 8: When the Reported Speech is an Imaginary/Unreal Condition (If Clause Type 2 & 3)

Hindi:

अगर Reported Speech में Unreal Condition (काल्पनिक स्थिति) हो – जैसे “If I were”, “If I had”, “Would have” – तो Tense नहीं बदलता।

English:

If the Reported Speech contains an Unreal Condition (Imaginary situation) – like “If I were”, “If I had”, “Would have” – the tense does NOT change.

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “If I (मैं) were (होता) rich (अमीर) , I (मैं) would buy (खरीदता) a car (एक कार) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) if he (वह) were (होता) rich (अमीर) , he (वह) would buy (खरीदता) a car (एक कार) . (No change)
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “If I (मैं) had known (जानती) , I (मैं) would have come (आ जाती) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) if she (वह) had known (जानती) , she (वह) would have come (आ जाती) .
3. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I wish (काश) I (मैं) were (होता) a bird (पक्षी) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) wished (काश) he (वह) were (होता) a bird (पक्षी) . (Wish के बाद tense नहीं बदलता)
4. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “If you (तुम) were (होते) here (यहाँ) , we (हम) could go (जा सकते थे) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) if I (मैं) were (होता) there (वहाँ) , they (वे) could go (जा सकते थे) .
5. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “It’s time (समय आ गया है) we (हम) left (चले जाएँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) it was time (समय था) they (वे) left (चले जाएँ) . (It’s time के बाद tense नहीं बदलता)
6. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I would rather (बेहतर होगा) you (तुम) stayed (रुको) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) would rather (बेहतर होगा) I (मैं) stayed (रुकूँ) .
7. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Suppose (मान लो) you (तुम) were (होते) lost (खो जाते) , what (क्या) would you do (करते) ?”
      Indirect: He (उसने) asked (पूछा) that (कि) suppose (मान लो) I (मैं) were (होता) lost (खो जाता) , what (क्या) I (मैं) would do (करता) .
8. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “If only (काश) I (मैं) could fly (उड़ पाती) !”
      Indirect: She (उसने) exclaimed (कहा) that (कि) if only (काश) she (वह) could fly (उड़ पाती) .
9. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) would rather die (मर जाऊँ) than beg (भीख माँगूँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) would rather die (मर जाए) than beg (भीख माँगे) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “As if (जैसे) I (मैं) were (हूँ) a child (बच्चा) !”
        Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) as if (जैसे) she (वह) were (थी) a child (बच्चा) .

—

Rule 9: Change of “Would”, “Could”, “Might”, “Should”, “Ought to”

Hindi:

· Would, Could, Might, Should, Ought to – ये मोडल्स Indirect Speech में नहीं बदलते (ये पहले से ही past form में हैं)।

English:

· Would, Could, Might, Should, Ought to – these modals do NOT change in Indirect Speech (they are already past forms).

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) would help (मदद करूँगा) you (तुम्हारी) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) would help (मदद करेगा) me (मेरी) . (Would – no change)
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) could run (दौड़ सकता था) fast (तेज़) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) could run (दौड़ सकती थी) fast (तेज़) . (Could – no change)
3. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) might come (आ सकता हूँ) late (देर से) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) might come (आ सकता है) late (देर से) . (Might – no change)
4. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “You (तुम) should study (पढ़ना चाहिए) hard (मेहनत से) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) advised (सलाह दी) me (मुझे) that (कि) I (मैं) should study (पढ़ना चाहिए) hard (मेहनत से) . (Should – no change)
5. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “We (हम) ought to respect (सम्मान करना चाहिए) elders (बड़ों का) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) they (वे) ought to respect (सम्मान करना चाहिए) elders (बड़ों का) . (Ought to – no change)
6. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) could have helped (मदद कर सकता था) you (तुम्हारी) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) could have helped (मदद कर सकती थी) me (मेरी) .
7. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “You (तुम) might have forgotten (भूल गए होगे) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) I (मैं) might have forgotten (भूल गया होगा) .
8. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) would have been (होता) happy (खुश) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) would have been (होती) happy (खुश) .
9. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “You (तुम) should have told (बताना चाहिए था) me (मुझे) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) I (मैं) should have told (बताना चाहिए था) him (उसे) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “They (वे) could be (हो सकते हैं) at home (घर पर) .”
        Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) they (वे) could be (हो सकते हैं) at home (घर पर) .

Rule 10: Change of “Need”, “Dare”, “Used to”

Hindi:

· Need (ज़रूरत) → Needed (पड़ता था) – अगर main verb है
· Dare (हिम्मत) → Dared (की थी) – अगर main verb है
· Used to (करता था) → Used to (कोई change नहीं)

English:

· Need (as main verb) → Needed
· Dare (as main verb) → Dared
· Used to → Used to (no change)

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) need (ज़रूरत है) some money (कुछ पैसे की) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (उसे) needed (ज़रूरत थी) some money (कुछ पैसे की) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “You (तुम) need not (ज़रूरत नहीं है) worry (चिंता करने की) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) I (मुझे) need not (ज़रूरत नहीं थी) worry (चिंता करने की) . (Need not – no change)
3. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) dare (हिम्मत करता हूँ) say (कहने की) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) dared (हिम्मत करता था) say (कहने की) .
4. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “He (वह) used to (करता था) smoke (धूम्रपान) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) used to (करता था) smoke (धूम्रपान) . (No change)
5. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) need to go (जाना है) now (अब) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (उसे) needed to go (जाना था) then (तब) .
6. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “How dare you (तुम्हारी हिम्मत) !”
      Indirect: She (उसने) exclaimed (कहा) that (कि) how dared I (मेरी हिम्मत) .
7. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) used to play (खेलता था) here (यहाँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) used to play (खेलता था) there (वहाँ) .
8. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “You need not (ज़रूरत नहीं) come (आने की) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) I (मुझे) need not (ज़रूरत नहीं) come (आने की) .
9. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) dare not (हिम्मत नहीं) go (जाने की) there (वहाँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) dared not (हिम्मत नहीं थी) go (जाने की) there (वहाँ) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “He (वह) used to be (हुआ करता था) my (मेरा) friend (दोस्त) .”
        Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) used to be (हुआ करता था) her (उसका) friend (दोस्त) .

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Rule 11: Sentences with “Yes” or “No” in Direct Speech

Hindi:

अगर Direct Speech में सिर्फ “Yes” या “No” हो, तो Indirect में affirmative या negative बनाकर लिखते हैं, और Reporting Verb में answered या replied का उपयोग करते हैं।

English:

If Direct Speech contains only “Yes” or “No”, we change it into affirmative or negative in Indirect Speech, and use answered or replied as the Reporting Verb.

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Yes (हाँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) answered (जवाब दिया) me (मुझे) in the affirmative (हाँ में) . (या) He said that yes – but better: He agreed.
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “No (नहीं) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) answered (जवाब दिया) in the negative (नकारात्मक में) .
3. Direct: I (मैं) said to him (उससे कहा), “Yes, I will come (हाँ, मैं आऊँगा) .”
      Indirect: I (मैं) replied to him (उसे जवाब दिया) in the affirmative (हाँ में) that (कि) I (मैं) would come (आऊँगा) .
4. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “No, I don’t know (नहीं, मैं नहीं जानता) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) replied (जवाब दिया) in the negative (नकारात्मक में) that (कि) he (वह) didn’t know (नहीं जानता था) .
5. Direct: She (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Yes, I am ready (हाँ, मैं तैयार हूँ) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) answered me (मुझे जवाब दिया) in the affirmative (हाँ में) that (कि) she (वह) was ready (तैयार थी) .
6. Direct: They (उन्होंने) said (कहा), “No, we haven’t seen him (नहीं, हमने उसे नहीं देखा) .”
      Indirect: They (उन्होंने) replied (जवाब दिया) in the negative (नकारात्मक में) that (कि) they (उन्होंने) hadn’t seen him (उसे नहीं देखा था) .
7. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Yes, I did it (हाँ, मैंने किया) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) admitted (स्वीकार किया) that (कि) he (उसने) had done it (किया था) .
8. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “No, I didn’t steal (नहीं, मैंने चोरी नहीं की) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) denied (इनकार किया) that (कि) she (उसने) had stolen (चोरी की थी) .
9. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Yes, I will help you (हाँ, मैं तुम्हारी मदद करूँगा) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) promised (वादा किया) that (कि) he (वह) would help me (मेरी मदद करेगा) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “No, I cannot come (नहीं, मैं नहीं आ सकती) .”
        Indirect: She (उसने) refused (मना किया) to come (आने से) .

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Rule 12: Sentences with “Thank you”, “Sorry”, “Good morning”, etc. (Exclamatory/Emotional)

Hindi:

Greetings, thanks, apologies को Indirect में exclaimed with या thanked, apologized, wished में बदलते हैं।

English:

Greetings, thanks, apologies are changed into exclaimed with, thanked, apologized, or wished in Indirect Speech.

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Thank you (धन्यवाद) !”
      Indirect: He (उसने) thanked me (मेरा धन्यवाद किया) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Sorry (माफ कीजिए) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) apologized (माफी माँगी) .
3. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Good morning (सुप्रभात) !”
      Indirect: He (उसने) wished me (मुझे शुभकामना दी) good morning (सुप्रभात की) .
4. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Welcome (स्वागत है) !”
      Indirect: She (उसने) welcomed me (मेरा स्वागत किया) .
5. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Congratulations (बधाई हो) !”
      Indirect: He (उसने) congratulated me (मुझे बधाई दी) .
6. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Good luck (शुभकामनाएँ) !”
      Indirect: She (उसने) wished me (मुझे शुभकामना दी) good luck (शुभकामनाएँ) .
7. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Happy birthday (जन्मदिन मुबारक) !”
      Indirect: He (उसने) wished me (मुझे शुभकामना दी) a happy birthday (जन्मदिन मुबारक) .
8. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Goodbye (अलविदा) !”
      Indirect: She (उसने) bade me goodbye (मुझे अलविदा कहा) .
9. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Cheers (चियर्स) !”
      Indirect: He (उसने) toasted (टोस्ट किया) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Well done (शाबाश) !”
        Indirect: She (उसने) applauded me (मेरी प्रशंसा की) saying (कहकर) that (कि) I (मैंने) had done well (अच्छा किया था) .

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Rule 13: Change of Pronouns when Reporting Verb has an Object (Detailed)

Hindi:

जब Reporting Verb के साथ Indirect Object (जैसे – me, him, her, us, them) हो, तो Second Person Pronoun (you, your) Object के according बदलता है।

English:

When the Reporting Verb has an Indirect Object (e.g., me, him, her, us, them), the Second Person Pronoun (you, your) changes according to that object.

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “You (तुम) are honest (ईमानदार हो) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) told me (मुझसे कहा) that (कि) I (मैं) was honest (ईमानदार था) .
2. Direct: I (मैं) said to him (उससे कहा), “You (तुम) are wrong (गलत हो) .”
      Indirect: I (मैं) told him (उससे कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was wrong (गलत था) .
3. Direct: She (उसने) said to us (हमसे कहा), “You (तुम) should work hard (मेहनत करो) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) told us (हमसे कहा) that (कि) we (हम) should work hard (मेहनत करें) .
4. Direct: They (उन्होंने) said to her (उससे कहा), “You (तुम) are our (हमारी) leader (नेता) .”
      Indirect: They (उन्होंने) told her (उससे कहा) that (कि) she (वह) was their (उनकी) leader (नेता) .
5. Direct: He (उसने) said to you (तुमसे कहा), “You (तुम) can win (जीत सकते हो) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) told you (तुमसे कहा) that (कि) you (तुम) could win (जीत सकते थे) . (You remains you)
6. Direct: I (मैं) said to her (उससे कहा), “You (तुम) are my (मेरी) best friend (सबसे अच्छी दोस्त) .”
      Indirect: I (मैं) told her (उससे कहा) that (कि) she (वह) was my (मेरी) best friend (सबसे अच्छी दोस्त) .
7. Direct: She (उसने) said to them (उनसे कहा), “You (तुम) are late (देर से हो) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) told them (उनसे कहा) that (कि) they (वे) were late (देर से थे) .
8. Direct: The teacher (शिक्षक) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “You (तुम) have passed (पास हो गए हो) .”
      Indirect: The teacher (शिक्षक) told me (मुझसे कहा) that (कि) I (मैं) had passed (पास हो गया था) .
9. Direct: He (उसने) said to us (हमसे कहा), “You (तुम) must leave (जाना होगा) now (अब) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) told us (हमसे कहा) that (कि) we (हम) had to leave (जाना था) then (तब) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “You (तुम) are my (मेरे) favorite (पसंदीदा) .”
        Indirect: She (उसने) told me (मुझसे कहा) that (कि) I (मैं) was her (उसका) favorite (पसंदीदा) .

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Rule 14: Change of “This/These” and “That/Those”

Hindi:

· This → That
· These → Those
· That (demonstrative) → That (no change या the)
· Those → Those (no change या the)

English:

· This → That
· These → Those
· That (demonstrative) → That (no change or the)
· Those → Those (no change or the)

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “This (यह) is my (मेरी) pen (कलम) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) that (वह) was his (उसकी) pen (कलम) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “These (ये) are my (मेरे) books (किताबें) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) those (वे) were her (उसकी) books (किताबें) .
3. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) like this (यह) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) liked that (उसे) .
4. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “That (वह) is beautiful (सुंदर है) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) that (वह) was beautiful (सुंदर था) .
5. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I want these (ये) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) wanted those (उन्हें) .
6. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “This (यह) is delicious (स्वादिष्ट है) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) that (वह) was delicious (स्वादिष्ट था) .
7. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I will buy these (ये) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) would buy those (उन्हें) .
8. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “That (वह) man (आदमी) is my (मेरा) uncle (चाचा) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) that (वह) man (आदमी) was her (उसका) uncle (चाचा) .
9. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “These (ये) flowers (फूल) are fresh (ताजे हैं) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) those (वे) flowers (फूल) were fresh (ताजे थे) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I made this (यह) myself (खुद) .”
        Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (उसने) had made that (वह) herself (खुद) .

Rule 15: Change of “Here” and “There” – Special Cases

Hindi:

· Here → There (सामान्यतः)
· लेकिन अगर जगह same हो (जैसे – reporting वहीं हो रही हो), तो Here → Here (कोई change नहीं)

English:

· Here → There (generally)
· But if the place is the same (e.g., reporting is happening at the same place), then Here → Here (no change)

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) live here (यहाँ रहता हूँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) lived there (वहाँ रहता था) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Come here (यहाँ आओ) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) told me (मुझसे कहा) to go there (वहाँ जाने को) .
3. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I am standing here (यहाँ खड़ा हूँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was standing there (वहाँ खड़ा था) .
4. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Keep it here (इसे यहाँ रखो) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) told me (मुझसे कहा) to keep it there (इसे वहाँ रखने को) .
5. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I was born here (मैं यहाँ पैदा हुआ था) .” (Reporting same place)
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was born here (यहाँ पैदा हुआ था) . (No change)
6. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “You will find it here (तुम्हें यहाँ मिलेगा) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) I (मुझे) would find it there (वहाँ मिलेगा) .
7. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Here (यहाँ) is your gift (तुम्हारा उपहार) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) there (वहाँ) was my (मेरा) gift (उपहार) .
8. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Please sit here (कृपया यहाँ बैठिए) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) requested me (मुझसे अनुरोध किया) to sit there (वहाँ बैठने को) .
9. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I will wait here (मैं यहाँ इंतज़ार करूँगा) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) would wait there (वहाँ इंतज़ार करेगा) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Here (यहाँ) is the money (पैसा) .” (Reporting same place)
        Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) here (यहाँ) was the money (पैसा) . (No change)

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Rule 16: Change of “Now”, “Then”, “Today”, “Tomorrow”, “Yesterday”, “Ago”

Hindi (Detailed):

Direct Indirect
Now (अब) Then (तब)
Then (तब) Then (तब – no change)
Today (आज) That day (उस दिन)
Tonight (आज रात) That night (उस रात)
Tomorrow (कल) The next day / The following day (अगले दिन)
Yesterday (कल) The day before / The previous day (पिछले दिन)
Ago (पहले) Before (पहले)
Last night (कल रात) The previous night (पिछली रात)
Next week (अगले हफ्ते) The following week (अगले हफ्ते)
This week (इस हफ्ते) That week (उस हफ्ते)

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) am busy now (अब व्यस्त हूँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was busy then (तब व्यस्त था) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) will come today (आज आऊँगी) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) would come that day (उस दिन आएगी) .
3. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) met her yesterday (मैं उससे कल मिला) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) had met her the day before (पिछले दिन मिला था) .
4. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) will finish it tomorrow (कल खत्म करूँगी) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) would finish it the next day (अगले दिन खत्म करेगी) .
5. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) called you two days ago (दो दिन पहले फोन किया था) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (उसने) had called me (मुझे फोन किया था) two days before (दो दिन पहले) .
6. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) will see you tonight (आज रात मिलूँगी) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) would see me (मुझसे मिलेगी) that night (उस रात) .
7. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) was here last night (कल रात यहाँ था) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) had been there (वहाँ था) the previous night (पिछली रात) .
8. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) will start next week (अगले हफ्ते शुरू करूँगी) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) would start the following week (अगले हफ्ते शुरू करेगी) .
9. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) am leaving this week (इस हफ्ते जा रहा हूँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was leaving that week (उस हफ्ते जा रहा था) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) will call you then (तब फोन करूँगी) .”
        Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) would call me (मुझे फोन करेगी) then (तब) . (No change)

—

Rule 17: Change of “Will”, “Shall”, “May”, “Can” in Questions

Hindi:

जब Direct Speech में Question हो और उसमें Will, Shall, May, Can हो, तो Indirect में:

· Will → Would
· Shall → Should
· May → Might
· Can → Could

English:

When there is a Question in Direct Speech with Will, Shall, May, Can, in Indirect:

· Will → Would
· Shall → Should
· May → Might
· Can → Could

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Will you (क्या तुम) help me (मेरी मदद करोगे) ?”
      Indirect: He (उसने) asked me (मुझसे पूछा) if (क्या) I (मैं) would help (मदद करूँगा) him (उसकी) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Shall I (क्या मैं) open the door (दरवाजा खोलूँ) ?”
      Indirect: She (उसने) asked (पूछा) if (क्या) she (वह) should open (खोले) the door (दरवाजा) .
3. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Can you (क्या तुम) drive (चला सकते हो) ?”
      Indirect: He (उसने) asked (पूछा) if (क्या) I (मैं) could drive (चला सकता था) .
4. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “May I (क्या मैं) come in (अंदर आ सकती हूँ) ?”
      Indirect: She (उसने) asked (पूछा) if (क्या) she (वह) might come in (अंदर आ सकती है) .
5. Direct: He (उसने) said to her (उससे कहा), “Will you marry me (क्या तुम मुझसे शादी करोगी) ?”
      Indirect: He (उसने) asked her (उससे पूछा) if (क्या) she (वह) would marry him (उससे शादी करेगी) .
6. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Shall we (क्या हम) leave now (अब चलें) ?”
      Indirect: She (उसने) asked (पूछा) if (क्या) they (वे) should leave (चलें) then (तब) .
7. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Can I (क्या मैं) sit here (यहाँ बैठ सकता हूँ) ?”
      Indirect: He (उसने) asked (पूछा) if (क्या) he (वह) could sit (बैठ सकता है) there (वहाँ) .
8. Direct: She (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “May I (क्या मैं) use your phone (तुम्हारा फोन इस्तेमाल कर सकती हूँ) ?”
      Indirect: She (उसने) asked me (मुझसे पूछा) if (क्या) she (वह) might use (इस्तेमाल कर सकती है) my (मेरा) phone (फोन) .
9. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Will it rain (क्या बारिश होगी) today (आज) ?”
      Indirect: He (उसने) asked (पूछा) if (क्या) it would rain (बारिश होगी) that day (उस दिन) .
10. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Can we (क्या हम) go now (अब जा सकते हैं) ?”
        Indirect: She (उसने) asked (पूछा) if (क्या) they (वे) could go (जा सकते हैं) then (तब) .

—

Rule 18: Reporting Verb “Said to” को “Told” में बदलना – Exception

Hindi:

जब Reporting Verb “Said to” हो और उसके बाद Indirect Object (me, him, her, us, them) हो, तो “Said to” → “Told” बनता है।
लेकिन अगर Object न हो, तो “Said” → “Said” ही रहता है (“Told” नहीं लगा सकते)।

English:

When the Reporting Verb is “Said to” and has an Indirect Object (me, him, her, us, them), “Said to” → “Told”.
But if there is no object, “Said” remains “Said” (you cannot use “Told”).

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “I am tired (मैं थका हूँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) told me (मुझसे कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was tired (थका था) . (Said to → Told)
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I am happy (मैं खुश हूँ) .” (No object)
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) was happy (खुश थी) . (Said → Said – no change)
3. Direct: They (उन्होंने) said to him (उससे कहा), “You are wrong (तुम गलत हो) .”
      Indirect: They (उन्होंने) told him (उससे कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was wrong (गलत था) .
4. Direct: I (मैं) said to her (उससे कहा), “I love you (मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ) .”
      Indirect: I (मैं) told her (उससे कहा) that (कि) I (मैं) loved (प्यार करता था) her (उससे) .
5. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I will come (मैं आऊँगा) .” (No object)
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) would come (आएगा) .
6. Direct: The teacher (शिक्षक) said to the students (छात्रों से कहा), “Sit down (बैठ जाओ) .”
      Indirect: The teacher (शिक्षक) told the students (छात्रों से कहा) to sit down (बैठ जाने को) .
7. Direct: She (उसने) said to us (हमसे कहा), “Wait here (यहाँ रुको) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) told us (हमसे कहा) to wait there (वहाँ रुकने को) .
8. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I like coffee (मुझे कॉफी पसंद है) .” (No object)
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (उसे) liked coffee (कॉफी पसंद थी) .
9. Direct: My mother (मेरी माँ) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Study hard (मेहनत से पढ़ो) .”
      Indirect: My mother (मेरी माँ) told me (मुझसे कहा) to study hard (मेहनत से पढ़ने को) .
10. Direct: They (उन्होंने) said (कहा), “We are ready (हम तैयार हैं) .” (No object)
        Indirect: They (उन्होंने) said (कहा) that (कि) they (वे) were ready (तैयार थे) .

Rule 19: Multiple Sentences in Direct Speech

Hindi:

अगर Direct Speech में एक से अधिक वाक्य हों (; , . ! ? से जुड़े), तो Indirect Speech में Reporting Verb को एक बार ही लगाएँ (repeat न करें)। सभी वाक्यों को that से जोड़ें या अलग-अलग conjunctions use करें।

English:

If Direct Speech has multiple sentences (joined by ; , . ! ?), use the Reporting Verb only once in Indirect Speech (do not repeat). Join all sentences with that or use different conjunctions.

10 Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) am tired (थका हूँ) . I (मैं) want (चाहता हूँ) to sleep (सोना) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) was tired (थका था) and (और) he (वह) wanted (चाहता था) to sleep (सोना) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) will come (आऊँगी) . Please (कृपया) wait for me (मेरा इंतज़ार करो) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) would come (आएगी) and (और) requested (अनुरोध किया) to wait for her (उसका इंतज़ार करने को) .
3. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Where (कहाँ) are you going (जा रहे हो) ? I (मैं) want (चाहता हूँ) to join you (तुमसे जुड़ना) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) asked (पूछा) where (कहाँ) I (मैं) was going (जा रहा था) and (और) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) wanted (चाहता था) to join me (मुझसे जुड़ना) .
4. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) love you (तुमसे प्यार करती हूँ) . Will you (क्या तुम) marry me (मुझसे शादी करोगे) ?”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) loved (प्यार करती थी) me (मुझसे) and (और) asked (पूछा) if (क्या) I (मैं) would marry (शादी करूँगा) her (उससे) .
5. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Alas (हाय) ! I (मैं) have lost (खो दिया है) my wallet (अपना बटुआ) . I (मैं) am ruined (बर्बाद हो गया हूँ) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) exclaimed with sorrow (दुःख से कहा) that (कि) he (उसने) had lost (खो दिया था) his wallet (अपना बटुआ) and (और) that (कि) he (वह) was ruined (बर्बाद हो गया था) .
6. Direct: The teacher (शिक्षक) said (कहा), “Open your books (अपनी किताबें खोलो) . Read (पढ़ो) the first chapter (पहला अध्याय) .”
      Indirect: The teacher (शिक्षक) told the students (छात्रों से कहा) to open their books (अपनी किताबें खोलने को) and (और) to read (पढ़ने को) the first chapter (पहला अध्याय) .
7. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) am not feeling well (ठीक महसूस नहीं कर रही) . I (मैं) need (चाहिए) a doctor (एक डॉक्टर) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) was not feeling well (ठीक महसूस नहीं कर रही थी) and (और) that (कि) she (उसे) needed (चाहिए था) a doctor (एक डॉक्टर) .
8. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “What (क्या) a beautiful day (कितना सुंदर दिन) ! Let’s go (चलो) for a walk (टहलने) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) exclaimed with joy (खुशी से कहा) that (कि) it was a very beautiful day (बहुत सुंदर दिन था) and (और) suggested (सुझाव दिया) that (कि) they (वे) should go (जाएँ) for a walk (टहलने) .
9. Direct: She (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Help me (मेरी मदद करो) . I (मैं) am in trouble (मुसीबत में हूँ) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) requested me (मुझसे अनुरोध किया) to help her (उसकी मदद करने को) and (और) said (कहा) that (कि) she (वह) was in trouble (मुसीबत में थी) .
10. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “I (मैं) will not go (नहीं जाऊँगा) . I (मैं) am angry (नाराज़ हूँ) .”
        Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) would not go (नहीं जाएगा) and (और) that (कि) he (वह) was angry (नाराज़ था) .

—

Rule 20: Change of “Let” – Detailed with 5 Sub-types

Type A: Let + me/him/her/them (अनुमति – Permission)

Structure: Subject + asked/requested + that + subject + might be allowed to + verb

Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said to me (मुझसे कहा), “Let me (मुझे) go (जाने दो) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) requested me (मुझसे अनुरोध किया) that (कि) he (उसे) might be allowed to go (जाने की अनुमति दी जाए) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Let her (उसे) speak (बोलने दो) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) requested (अनुरोध किया) that (कि) she (उसे) might be allowed to speak (बोलने की अनुमति दी जाए) .

Type B: Let’s (Let us) – सुझाव (Suggestion)

Structure: Subject + suggested + that + they/we + should + verb

Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Let’s (चलो) go to the cinema (सिनेमा चलते हैं) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) suggested (सुझाव दिया) that (कि) they (वे) should go (जाएँ) to the cinema (सिनेमा) .
2. Direct: She (उसने) said (कहा), “Let’s (चलो) start early (जल्दी शुरू करें) .”
      Indirect: She (उसने) suggested (सुझाव दिया) that (कि) they (वे) should start early (जल्दी शुरू करें) .

Type C: Let him/her/them (उदासीनता – Indifference)

Structure: Subject + said that + subject + might + verb (या कोई change नहीं)

Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Let him (उसे) do (करने दो) whatever he wants (जो चाहे) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) said (कहा) that (कि) he (वह) might do (कर सकता है) whatever he wanted (जो चाहे) .

Type D: Let + not (निषेध – Prohibition)

Structure: Subject + proposed/suggested + that + subject + should not + verb

Examples:

1. Direct: He (उसने) said (कहा), “Let us not (चलो नहीं) waste time (समय बर्बाद करें) .”
      Indirect: He (उसने) suggested (सुझाव दिया) that (कि) they (वे) should not waste (बर्बाद न करें) time (समय) .

Type E: Let (आदेश – Command in third person)

Structure: Subject + ordered + that + subject + might be allowed to + verb

Examples:

1. Direct: The king (राजा) said (कहा), “Let the prisoner (कैदी को) be released (रिहा किया जाए) .”
      Indirect: The king (राजा) ordered (आदेश दिया) that (कि) the prisoner (कैदी) might be allowed to be released (रिहा किया जाए) .

Final Summary of All Advanced Rules

1. Reporting Verb Present/Future हो → Reported Speech का Tense न बदले।
2. Universal Truth, Habitual Fact, Historical Fact → Tense न बदले।
3. Unreal Condition (If I were, would have) → Tense न बदले।
4. Would, Could, Might, Should, Ought to → न बदलें।
5. Need, Dare → Needed, Dared (main verb हो तो)।
6. Yes/No → Affirmative/Negative में बदलें, answered in the affirmative/negative use करें।
7. Thanks, Sorry, Greetings → Thanked, Apologized, Wished में बदलें।
8. This/These → That/Those बदलें।
9. Here/There – अगर same place हो तो Here न बदले।
10. Time words (Now, Today, Tomorrow, Yesterday, Ago) → Then, That day, Next day, Previous day, Before बदलें।
11. Questions में Will, Shall, May, Can → Would, Should, Might, Could बदलें।
12. Said to + object → Told (object न हो तो Said ही रहे)।
13. Multiple sentences → Reporting Verb एक बार लगाएँ, that/and से जोड़ें।
14. Let के 5 प्रकार – अनुमति, सुझाव, उदासीनता, निषेध, आदेश।