English Spelling Rules – Complete Guide (Hindi + English)

Spelling in English can be tricky because many words don’t sound the way they are written. This guide covers all the major spelling rules to help you write correctly.

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Rule 1: I Before E Except After C

Hindi:
“i” “e” से पहले आता है, सिवाय जब “c” के बाद “e” आता हो, या जब sound “ay” (जैसे “neighbor” या “weigh”) हो।

English:
“i” comes before “e” except after “c”, or when sounding like “ay” as in “neighbor” or “weigh”.

Examples (I before E):

1. Believe (विश्वास करना) – I before E
2. Chief (मुखिया) – I before E
3. Field (खेत) – I before E
4. Friend (दोस्त) – I before E
5. Piece (टुकड़ा) – I before E
6. Niece (भतीजी) – I before E
7. Grief (दुःख) – I before E
8. Relief (राहत) – I before E
9. Thief (चोर) – I before E
10. Achieve (प्राप्त करना) – I before E

Examples (Except after C – E before I):

1. Receive (प्राप्त करना) – C + EI
2. Deceive (धोखा देना) – C + EI
3. Perceive (अनुभव करना) – C + EI
4. Conceit (अहंकार) – C + EI
5. Receipt (रसीद) – C + EI
6. Ceiling (छत) – C + EI
7. Deceit (छल) – C + EI
8. Conceive (गर्भ धारण करना) – C + EI
9. Receiveable (प्राप्त करने योग्य) – C + EI
10. Perceivable (अनुभव करने योग्य) – C + EI

Examples (Sound like “AY” – E before I):

1. Neighbor (पड़ोसी) – EI sounds like AY
2. Weigh (तौलना) – EI sounds like AY
3. Eight (आठ) – EI sounds like AY
4. Vein (नस) – EI sounds like AY
5. Veil (घूंघट) – EI sounds like AY
6. Reign (शासन) – EI sounds like AY
7. Sleigh (बेपहियों की गाड़ी) – EI sounds like AY
8. Freight (माल भाड़ा) – EI sounds like AY
9. Neigh (घोड़े की हिनहिनाहट) – EI sounds like AY
10. Weight (वज़न) – EI sounds like AY

Exceptions (अपवाद):

1. Either (या तो) – Exceptional spelling
2. Neither (न तो) – Exceptional spelling
3. Foreign (विदेशी) – Exceptional spelling
4. Height (ऊँचाई) – Exceptional spelling (sounds like “ite”)
5. Weird (अजीब) – Exceptional spelling
6. Seize (पकड़ना) – Exceptional spelling
7. Leisure (फुर्सत) – Exceptional spelling
8. Science (विज्ञान) – Exceptional spelling
9. Species (प्रजाति) – Exceptional spelling
10. Ancient (प्राचीन) – Exceptional spelling

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Rule 2: Doubling the Final Consonant (1-1-1 Rule)

Hindi:
जब कोई एक syllable वाला शब्द हो, जिसमें एक vowel के बाद एक consonant हो, और आप -ing, -ed, -er, -est जोड़ रहे हों, तो final consonant को double करें।

English:
When a one-syllable word has one vowel followed by one consonant, and you add -ing, -ed, -er, -est, double the final consonant.

Examples (Doubling):

1. Run → Running (दौड़ना)
2. Sit → Sitting (बैठना)
3. Stop → Stopped (रुकना)
4. Big → Bigger (बड़ा)
5. Hot → Hottest (गर्म)
6. Swim → Swimming (तैरना)
7. Put → Putting (रखना)
8. Plan → Planned (योजना बनाना)
9. Drop → Dropped (गिराना)
10. Beg → Begged (भीख माँगना)
11. Fat → Fatter (मोटा)
12. Thin → Thinner (पतला)
13. Red → Redder (लाल)
14. Sad → Saddest (उदास)
15. Win → Winner (जीतना)
16. Cut → Cutting (काटना)
17. Hit → Hitting (मारना)
18. Let → Letting (देना)
19. Get → Getting (पाना)
20. Shop → Shopping (खरीदारी करना)

When NOT to double:

Hindi:

· अगर शब्द दो consonants के साथ खत्म होता है (जैसे – jump → jumping, not jumpping)
· अगर दो vowels हों (जैसे – wait → waiting, not waitting)
· अगर stress अंतिम syllable पर नहीं है (multi-syllable words)

English:

· If the word ends in two consonants (jump → jumping)
· If there are two vowels (wait → waiting)
· If the stress is not on the last syllable (for multi-syllable words)

Two-syllable words (stress on last syllable):

1. Begin → Beginning (शुरू करना)
2. Prefer → Preferred (पसंद करना)
3. Refer → Referred (संदर्भ देना)
4. Occur → Occurred (घटित होना)
5. Admit → Admitted (स्वीकार करना)
6. Commit → Committed (प्रतिबद्ध होना)
7. Permit → Permitted (अनुमति देना)
8. Control → Controlled (नियंत्रित करना)
9. Transfer → Transferred (स्थानांतरित करना)
10. Compel → Compelled (मजबूर करना)

No doubling (stress not on last syllable):

1. Open → Opening (खोलना) – not openning
2. Listen → Listening (सुनना) – not listenning
3. Visit → Visited (यात्रा करना) – not visited (stress on first syllable)
4. Happen → Happened (होना) – not happened
5. Offer → Offered (प्रस्ताव देना) – not offerred
6. Travel → Traveled (यात्रा करना) – not travellled (American English) – but Travelled (British English)

Rule 3: Dropping the Final E

Hindi:
जब किसी शब्द के अंत में silent E हो और आप -ing, -ed, -er, -est जोड़ रहे हों, तो E को हटा दें (drop the E)।

English:
When a word ends with a silent E, drop the E before adding -ing, -ed, -er, -est.

Examples (Drop E before -ing):

1. Make → Making (बनाना)
2. Write → Writing (लिखना)
3. Dance → Dancing (नाचना)
4. Drive → Driving (गाड़ी चलाना)
5. Live → Living (जीना)
6. Love → Loving (प्यार करना)
7. Take → Taking (लेना)
8. Give → Giving (देना)
9. Hope → Hoping (आशा करना)
10. Smile → Smiling (मुस्कुराना)
11. Come → Coming (आना)
12. Move → Moving (हिलना)
13. Bake → Baking (पकाना)
14. Shine → Shining (चमकना)
15. Like → Liking (पसंद करना)

Examples (Drop E before -ed):

1. Like → Liked (पसंद किया)
2. Love → Loved (प्यार किया)
3. Dance → Danced (नाचा)
4. Hope → Hoped (आशा की)
5. Smile → Smiled (मुस्कुराया)
6. Bake → Baked (पकाया)
7. Move → Moved (हिलाया)
8. Close → Closed (बंद किया)
9. Live → Lived (जीया)
10. Save → Saved (बचाया)

Examples (Drop E before -er/-est):

1. Large → Larger (बड़ा)
2. Nice → Nicer (अच्छा)
3. Fine → Finer (बेहतर)
4. Late → Later (बाद में)
5. Safe → Safer (सुरक्षित)

Do NOT drop E (exceptions):

1. Age → Aging (बूढ़ा होना) – sometimes keep E
2. Singe → Singeing (जलाना) – keep E to avoid confusion with singing
3. Dye → Dyeing (रंगना) – keep E to avoid confusion with dying
4. See → Seeing (देखना) – keep E (doesn’t end with silent E)
5. Be → Being (होना) – keep E

Words ending in -ee, -oe, -ye (keep E):

1. Agree → Agreeing (सहमत होना)
2. See → Seeing (देखना)
3. Flee → Fleeing (भागना)
4. Dye → Dyeing (रंगना)
5. Tiptoe → Tiptoeing (पैरों के बल चलना)

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Rule 4: Changing Y to I

Hindi:
जब किसी शब्द के अंत में Y हो और उससे पहले consonant हो, तो Y को I में बदलें जब -es, -ed, -er, -est, -ly, -ness जोड़ रहे हों। -ing जोड़ते समय Y को न बदलें।

English:
When a word ends with a Y preceded by a consonant, change the Y to I when adding -es, -ed, -er, -est, -ly, -ness. Do NOT change Y when adding -ing.

Examples (Y → I before -es):

1. Fly → Flies (उड़ता है)
2. Cry → Cries (रोता है)
3. Try → Tries (कोशिश करता है)
4. Carry → Carries (ढोता है)
5. Marry → Marries (शादी करता है)
6. Study → Studies (पढ़ाई करता है)
7. Hurry → Hurries (जल्दी करता है)
8. Worry → Worries (चिंता करता है)
9. Copy → Copies (नकल करता है)
10. Dry → Dries (सूखता है)

Examples (Y → I before -ed):

1. Cry → Cried (रोया)
2. Try → Tried (कोशिश की)
3. Carry → Carried (ढोया)
4. Marry → Married (शादी की)
5. Study → Studied (पढ़ाई की)
6. Hurry → Hurried (जल्दी की)
7. Worry → Worried (चिंता की)
8. Copy → Copied (नकल की)
9. Dry → Dried (सुखाया)
10. Fry → Fried (तला)

Examples (Y → I before -er/-est):

1. Happy → Happier (अधिक खुश)
2. Easy → Easier (आसान)
3. Heavy → Heavier (भारी)
4. Funny → Funnier (अधिक मजाकिया)
5. Lucky → Luckier (अधिक भाग्यशाली)
6. Busy → Busier (अधिक व्यस्त)
7. Happy → Happiest (सबसे खुश)
8. Easy → Easiest (सबसे आसान)
9. Heavy → Heaviest (सबसे भारी)
10. Funny → Funniest (सबसे मजाकिया)

Examples (Y → I before -ly/-ness):

1. Happy → Happily (खुशी से)
2. Easy → Easily (आसानी से)
3. Heavy → Heavily (भारी मात्रा में)
4. Busy → Busily (व्यस्तता से)
5. Happy → Happiness (खुशी)
6. Lonely → Loneliness (अकेलापन)
7. Ready → Readiness (तैयारी)
8. Empty → Emptiness (खालीपन)

Do NOT change Y before -ing:

1. Fly → Flying (उड़ना) – not fliing
2. Cry → Crying (रोना) – not cring
3. Try → Trying (कोशिश करना) – not triing
4. Carry → Carrying (ढोना) – not carriing
5. Study → Studying (पढ़ाई करना) – not studiing
6. Hurry → Hurrying (जल्दी करना) – not hurriing
7. Worry → Worrying (चिंता करना) – not worriing

Y preceded by a vowel (no change):

1. Play → Plays (खेलता है) – not plies
2. Enjoy → Enjoyed (आनंद लिया) – not enjoied
3. Buy → Buying (खरीदना) – not buing
4. Stay → Stayed (रुका) – not staied
5. Pray → Prayed (प्रार्थना की) – not praied
6. Say → Says (कहता है) – not sies

Exceptions:

1. Day → Daily (दैनिक) – special change
2. Lay → Laid (रखा) – change
3. Pay → Paid (भुगतान किया) – change
4. Say → Said (कहा) – change

Rule 5: Adding -ing to Words Ending in IE

Hindi:
जब कोई शब्द IE के साथ खत्म होता है और आप -ing जोड़ रहे हों, तो IE को Y में बदलें।

English:
When a word ends with IE and you add -ing, change IE to Y.

Examples:

1. Die → Dying (मरना) – not dieing
2. Lie → Lying (लेटना / झूठ बोलना) – not lieing
3. Tie → Tying (बाँधना) – not tieing
4. Vie → Vying (प्रतिस्पर्धा करना) – not vieing

Exception:

1. Dye → Dyeing (रंगना) – keep E, not dying (dying means मरना)

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Rule 6: Adding -ly to Make Adverbs

Hindi:
Adjective में -ly जोड़कर adverb बनाते हैं। यदि adjective -y के साथ खत्म हो, तो y को i में बदलें। यदि adjective -le के साथ खत्म हो, तो -le को -ly में बदलें।

English:
Add -ly to adjectives to form adverbs. If the adjective ends in -y, change y to i. If it ends in -le, change -le to -ly.

Examples (simple -ly):

1. Quick → Quickly (तेज़ी से)
2. Slow → Slowly (धीरे)
3. Careful → Carefully (सावधानी से)
4. Beautiful → Beautifully (खूबसूरती से)
5. Happy → Happily (खुशी से) – y → i
6. Easy → Easily (आसानी से) – y → i
7. Heavy → Heavily (भारी मात्रा में) – y → i
8. Lucky → Luckily (भाग्यशाली रूप से) – y → i
9. Gentle → Gently (धीरे से) – le → ly
10. Simple → Simply (सरलता से) – le → ly
11. Terrible → Terribly (बुरी तरह) – le → ly
12. Horrible → Horribly (भयानक रूप से) – le → ly
13. True → Truly (वास्तव में) – drop E
14. Whole → Wholly (पूरी तरह) – drop E
15. Due → Duly (उचित रूप से) – drop E

Exceptions:

1. Public → Publicly (सार्वजनिक रूप से) – not publically
2. Good → Well (अच्छा) – irregular

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Rule 7: Plural of Nouns (बहुवचन)

Hindi:
अधिकतर nouns में -s जोड़कर plural बनाते हैं। कुछ नियम हैं – -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z के साथ -es जोड़ें। -y से पहले consonant हो तो y को i में बदलकर -es जोड़ें। -f/-fe को -ves में बदलें।

English:
Most nouns form plurals by adding -s. Special rules for words ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z add -es. Words ending in -y with a consonant before change y to i and add -es. Words ending in -f/-fe often change to -ves.

Examples (add -s):

1. Book → Books (किताबें)
2. Pen → Pens (पेन)
3. Car → Cars (गाड़ियाँ)
4. Friend → Friends (दोस्त)
5. Cat → Cats (बिल्लियाँ)
6. Dog → Dogs (कुत्ते)
7. House → Houses (घर)
8. Tree → Trees (पेड़)
9. Chair → Chairs (कुर्सियाँ)
10. Table → Tables (मेज़ें)

Examples (add -es – s, ss, sh, ch, x, z):

1. Bus → Buses (बसें)
2. Class → Classes (कक्षाएँ)
3. Dish → Dishes (बर्तन)
4. Watch → Watches (घड़ियाँ)
5. Box → Boxes (बक्से)
6. Buzz → Buzzes (भिनभिनाहट)
7. Glass → Glasses (गिलास)
8. Brush → Brushes (ब्रश)
9. Church → Churches (चर्च)
10. Tax → Taxes (कर)

Examples (consonant + y → ies):

1. Baby → Babies (बच्चे)
2. Lady → Ladies (महिलाएँ)
3. City → Cities (शहर)
4. Party → Parties (पार्टियाँ)
5. Story → Stories (कहानियाँ)
6. Family → Families (परिवार)
7. Puppy → Puppies (पिल्ले)
8. Candy → Candies (मिठाइयाँ)
9. Berry → Berries (जामुन)
10. Cherry → Cherries (चेरी)

Vowel + y (add -s only):

1. Boy → Boys (लड़के)
2. Day → Days (दिन)
3. Key → Keys (चाबियाँ)
4. Toy → Toys (खिलौने)
5. Monkey → Monkeys (बंदर)
6. Donkey → Donkeys (गधे)
7. Valley → Valleys (घाटियाँ)
8. Journey → Journeys (यात्राएँ)

Examples (f/fe → ves):

1. Leaf → Leaves (पत्तियाँ)
2. Knife → Knives (चाकू)
3. Wife → Wives (पत्नियाँ)
4. Life → Lives (जीवन)
5. Thief → Thieves (चोर)
6. Wolf → Wolves (भेड़िये)
7. Half → Halves (आधे)
8. Shelf → Shelves (अलमारियाँ)
9. Calf → Calves (बछड़े)
10. Loaf → Loaves (रोटियाँ)

Exceptions (irregular plurals):

1. Child → Children (बच्चे)
2. Man → Men (पुरुष)
3. Woman → Women (महिलाएँ)
4. Foot → Feet (पैर)
5. Tooth → Teeth (दाँत)
6. Goose → Geese (हंस)
7. Mouse → Mice (चूहे)
8. Ox → Oxen (बैल)
9. Person → People (लोग)
10. Cactus → Cacti (कैक्टस)
11. Focus → Foci (केंद्र)
12. Thesis → Theses (थीसिस)
13. Crisis → Crises (संकट)
14. Analysis → Analyses (विश्लेषण)
15. Phenomenon → Phenomena (घटनाएँ)

Unchanging plurals:

1. Sheep → Sheep (भेड़)
2. Deer → Deer (हिरन)
3. Fish → Fish (मछली)
4. Species → Species (प्रजाति)
5. Series → Series (श्रृंखला)
6. Aircraft → Aircraft (विमान)

Rule 8: Doubling Consonants in Multi-Syllable Words (2-1-1 Rule)

Hindi:
जब किसी दो या अधिक syllables वाले शब्द का अंतिम syllable stressed हो, और वह एक vowel + एक consonant के साथ खत्म हो, तो -ing, -ed, -er, -est जोड़ते समय final consonant को double करें।

English:
For words with two or more syllables, if the last syllable is stressed and ends with one vowel + one consonant, double the final consonant when adding -ing, -ed, -er, -est.

Examples (stress on last syllable – double):

1. Begin (be-GIN) → Beginning (शुरू करना)
2. Prefer (pre-FER) → Preferred (पसंद करना)
3. Refer (re-FER) → Referred (संदर्भ देना)
4. Occur (oc-CUR) → Occurred (घटित होना)
5. Admit (ad-MIT) → Admitted (स्वीकार करना)
6. Commit (com-MIT) → Committed (प्रतिबद्ध होना)
7. Permit (per-MIT) → Permitted (अनुमति देना)
8. Control (con-TROL) → Controlled (नियंत्रित करना)
9. Transfer (trans-FER) → Transferred (स्थानांतरित करना)
10. Compel (com-PEL) → Compelled (मजबूर करना)

Examples (stress NOT on last syllable – no double):

1. Open (O-pen) → Opening (खोलना) – not openning
2. Listen (LI-sten) → Listening (सुनना) – not listenning
3. Visit (VI-sit) → Visited (यात्रा करना) – not visited
4. Happen (HAP-pen) → Happened (होना) – not happened
5. Offer (OF-fer) → Offered (प्रस्ताव देना) – not offerred
6. Cover (COV-er) → Covered (ढकना) – not covered
7. Enter (EN-ter) → Entered (प्रवेश करना) – not entered
8. Gather (GA-ther) → Gathered (इकट्ठा करना) – not gathered
9. Remember (re-MEM-ber) → Remembered (याद करना) – stress on second syllable, but last syllable not stressed
10. Develop (de-VEL-op) → Developing (विकसित करना) – stress on second syllable, last syllable not stressed

British vs American difference:

1. Travel (TRA-vel) – stress on first syllable
   · American: Traveled, Traveling (no double)
   · British: Travelled, Travelling (double L)
2. Cancel (CAN-cel)
   · American: Canceled, Canceling
   · British: Cancelled, Cancelling
3. Label (LA-bel)
   · American: Labeled, Labeling
   · British: Labelled, Labelling

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Rule 9: Words Ending in C (Adding -ing, -ed, -er)

Hindi:
जब कोई शब्द C के साथ खत्म होता है, तो -ing, -ed, -er जोड़ते समय K जोड़ें (c → ck)।

English:
When a word ends with C, add K before adding -ing, -ed, -er (c → ck).

Examples:

1. Picnic → Picnicking (पिकनिक मनाना) – not picnicing
2. Picnic → Picnicked (पिकनिक मनाई)
3. Traffic → Trafficking (यातायात करना) – not trafficing
4. Traffic → Trafficked (यातायात किया)
5. Panic → Panicking (घबराना) – not panicing
6. Panic → Panicked (घबराया)
7. Mimic → Mimicking (नकल करना) – not mimiccing
8. Mimic → Mimicked (नकल की)
9. Frolic → Frolicking (खिलखिलाना) – not frolicing
10. Frolic → Frolicked (खिलखिलाया)

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Rule 10: Words Ending in L (British vs American)

Hindi:
British English में, -ing, -ed, -er जोड़ते समय L को double करते हैं, भले ही stress पहले syllable पर हो। American English में, L को double नहीं करते अगर stress पहले syllable पर हो।

English:
In British English, double the L when adding -ing, -ed, -er even if stress is on the first syllable. In American English, do NOT double L if stress is on the first syllable.

Examples (British vs American):

Word British American Hindi
Travel Travelled, Travelling Traveled, Traveling यात्रा करना
Cancel Cancelled, Cancelling Canceled, Canceling रद्द करना
Label Labelled, Labelling Labeled, Labeling लेबल लगाना
Model Modelled, Modelling Modeled, Modeling मॉडल बनाना
Marvel Marvelled, Marvelling Marveled, Marveling आश्चर्य करना
Quarrel Quarrelled, Quarrelling Quarreled, Quarreling झगड़ा करना
Signal Signalled, Signalling Signaled, Signaling संकेत देना

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Rule 11: Adding -ous or -ious (Adjectives)

Hindi:
-ous या -ious जोड़ते समय, अंतिम E या Y अक्सर बदल जाता है।

English:
When adding -ous or -ious, the final E or Y often changes.

Examples:

1. Danger → Dangerous (खतरनाक) – keep DANGER
2. Fame → Famous (प्रसिद्ध) – drop E
3. Courage → Courageous (साहसी) – keep E
4. Space → Spacious (विशाल) – change CE to CI
5. Vice → Vicious (शातिर) – change CE to CI
6. Fury → Furious (क्रोधित) – change Y to I
7. Glory → Glorious (शानदार) – change Y to I
8. Mystery → Mysterious (रहस्यमय) – change Y to I
9. Religion → Religious (धार्मिक) – add -ious
10. Ambition → Ambitious (महत्वाकांक्षी) – add -ious

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Rule 12: Adding -tion or -sion

Hindi:
-tion और -sion noun बनाने के लिए उपयोग होते हैं। -tion अधिक common है। यदि verb -t, -te, -ss में खत्म हो, तो -tion जोड़ें। यदि verb -d, -de, -se में खत्म हो, तो -sion जोड़ें।

English:
-tion and -sion are used to form nouns. -tion is more common. If the verb ends in -t, -te, -ss, add -tion. If it ends in -d, -de, -se, add -sion.

Examples (-tion):

1. Act → Action (क्रिया)
2. Collect → Collection (संग्रह)
3. Connect → Connection (संबंध)
4. Protect → Protection (सुरक्षा)
5. Create → Creation (सृजन)
6. Donate → Donation (दान)
7. Translate → Translation (अनुवाद)
8. Celebrate → Celebration (उत्सव)
9. Educate → Education (शिक्षा)
10. Communicate → Communication (संचार)
11. Discuss → Discussion (चर्चा) – ends in SS
12. Express → Expression (अभिव्यक्ति) – ends in SS

Examples (-sion):

1. Decide → Decision (निर्णय) – de → sion
2. Provide → Provision (प्रावधान) – de → sion
3. Divide → Division (विभाजन) – de → sion
4. Persuade → Persuasion (समझाना) – de → sion
5. Expand → Expansion (विस्तार) – d → sion
6. Extend → Extension (विस्तार) – d → sion
7. Comprehend → Comprehension (समझ) – d → sion
8. Defend → Defense (बचाव) – d → se? Actually Defence/Defense
9. Confuse → Confusion (भ्रम) – se → sion
10. Admit → Admission (प्रवेश) – t → sion (irregular)

Exceptions (-cian for professions):

1. Music → Musician (संगीतकार)
2. Magic → Magician (जादूगर)
3. Politics → Politician (राजनेता)
4. Mathematics → Mathematician (गणितज्ञ)
5. Beauty → Beautician (ब्यूटीशियन)

Rule 13: Adding -able or -ible

Hindi:
-able और -ible adjective बनाते हैं (योग्यता दिखाने के लिए)। -able अधिक common है। कोई निश्चित नियम नहीं है, लेकिन अगर शब्द full word हो तो -able, अगर root word पूरा न हो तो -ible।

English:
-able and -ible form adjectives (showing ability). -able is more common. There is no fixed rule, but if the word is a complete word, use -able; if the root is incomplete, use -ible.

Examples (-able):

1. Read → Readable (पढ़ने योग्य)
2. Drink → Drinkable (पीने योग्य)
3. Wash → Washable (धोने योग्य)
4. Break → Breakable (टूटने योग्य)
5. Love → Lovable (प्यार करने योग्य)
6. Move → Movable (हिलने योग्य)
7. Count → Countable (गिनने योग्य)
8. Comfort → Comfortable (आरामदायक) – drop t? No, comfort + able
9. Fashion → Fashionable (फैशनेबल)
10. Favor → Favorable (अनुकूल)

Examples (-ible):

1. Access → Accessible (पहुँचने योग्य)
2. Force → Forcible (बलपूर्वक)
3. Sense → Sensible (समझदार)
4. Response → Responsible (जिम्मेदार)
5. Convert → Convertible (परिवर्तनीय)
6. Reverse → Reversible (उलटा जाने योग्य)
7. Defend → Defensible (बचाव योग्य)
8. Divide → Divisible (विभाज्य)
9. Collect → Collectible (संग्रहणीय)
10. Resist → Resistible (प्रतिरोध करने योग्य)

Exceptions (learn these):

1. Horrible (भयानक)
2. Terrible (बुरा)
3. Visible (दृश्यमान)
4. Incredible (अविश्वसनीय)
5. Audible (श्रव्य)
6. Feasible (व्यवहार्य)

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Rule 14: Adding -ence or -ance

Hindi:
-ence और -ance noun बनाते हैं। कोई निश्चित नियम नहीं है – याद करने होंगे।

English:
-ence and -ance form nouns. There is no fixed rule – they must be memorized.

Examples (-ance):

1. Accept → Acceptance (स्वीकृति)
2. Appear → Appearance (उपस्थिति)
3. Attend → Attendance (उपस्थिति)
4. Clear → Clearance (सफाई)
5. Guide → Guidance (मार्गदर्शन)
6. Ignore → Ignorance (अज्ञानता)
7. Important → Importance (महत्व)
8. Perform → Performance (प्रदर्शन)
9. Resist → Resistance (प्रतिरोध)
10. Tolerate → Tolerance (सहनशीलता)

Examples (-ence):

1. Confide → Confidence (आत्मविश्वास)
2. Differ → Difference (अंतर)
3. Exist → Existence (अस्तित्व)
4. Prefer → Preference (प्राथमिकता)
5. Refer → Reference (संदर्भ)
6. Depend → Dependence (निर्भरता)
7. Occur → Occurrence (घटना)
8. Absent → Absence (अनुपस्थिति)
9. Present → Presence (उपस्थिति)
10. Silent → Silence (शांति)

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Rule 15: Adding -ful or -fully

Hindi:
-fly या -fully जोड़ते समय, हमेशा एक L लगता है (full दो L होता है, लेकिन suffix में एक L)।

English:
When adding -ful or -fully, use only one L (full has two Ls, but the suffix has one).

Examples (-ful):

1. Beauty → Beautiful (सुंदर) – not beautifull
2. Care → Careful (सावधान) – not carefull
3. Hope → Hopeful (आशावान) – not hopefull
4. Joy → Joyful (आनंदित) – not joyfull
5. Peace → Peaceful (शांतिपूर्ण) – not peacefull
6. Power → Powerful (शक्तिशाली) – not powerfull
7. Success → Successful (सफल) – not successfull
8. Thank → Thankful (आभारी) – not thankfull
9. Use → Useful (उपयोगी) – not usefull
10. Wonder → Wonderful (अद्भुत) – not wonderfull

Examples (-fully):

1. Beautiful → Beautifully (खूबसूरती से)
2. Careful → Carefully (सावधानी से)
3. Hopeful → Hopefully (आशापूर्वक)
4. Joyful → Joyfully (आनंदपूर्वक)
5. Peaceful → Peacefully (शांतिपूर्वक)
6. Powerful → Powerfully (शक्तिशाली रूप से)
7. Successful → Successfully (सफलतापूर्वक)
8. Thankful → Thankfully (कृतज्ञतापूर्वक)
9. Useful → Usefully (उपयोगी रूप से)
10. Wonderful → Wonderfully (अद्भुत रूप से)

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Rule 16: Silent Letters (मौन अक्षर)

Hindi:
अंग्रेज़ी में कई शब्दों में ऐसे अक्षर होते हैं जो बोले नहीं जाते (silent letters)।

English:
English has many words with silent letters (letters that are not pronounced).

Silent B (B after M before T):

1. Comb (कंघी) – silent B
2. Lamb (भेड़ का बच्चा) – silent B
3. Thumb (अंगूठा) – silent B
4. Climb (चढ़ना) – silent B
5. Debt (कर्ज) – silent B
6. Doubt (संदेह) – silent B
7. Subtle (सूक्ष्म) – silent B

Silent K (K before N):

1. Know (जानना) – silent K
2. Knee (घुटना) – silent K
3. Knife (चाकू) – silent K
4. Knight (शूरवीर) – silent K
5. Knock (खटखटाना) – silent K
6. Knot (गाँठ) – silent K
7. Knowledge (ज्ञान) – silent K

Silent W (W before R, or sometimes before H):

1. Write (लिखना) – silent W
2. Wrong (गलत) – silent W
3. Wrist (कलाई) – silent W
4. Wreck (बर्बाद करना) – silent W
5. Wrinkle (झुर्री) – silent W
6. Who (कौन) – silent W
7. Whole (पूरा) – silent W

Silent H (H after W, or at beginning of some words):

1. What (क्या) – silent H
2. When (कब) – silent H
3. Where (कहाँ) – silent H
4. Why (क्यों) – silent H
5. White (सफेद) – silent H
6. Hour (घंटा) – silent H
7. Honor (सम्मान) – silent H
8. Honest (ईमानदार) – silent H

Silent G (G before N):

1. Sign (संकेत) – silent G
2. Design (डिज़ाइन) – silent G
3. Resign (त्यागपत्र देना) – silent G
4. Foreign (विदेशी) – silent G
5. Reign (शासन) – silent G
6. Campaign (अभियान) – silent G

Silent L (L in some words):

1. Half (आधा) – silent L
2. Talk (बात करना) – silent L
3. Walk (चलना) – silent L
4. Would (करेंगे) – silent L
5. Could (सकता था) – silent L
6. Should (चाहिए) – silent L
7. Salmon (सैल्मन मछली) – silent L
8. Calm (शांत) – silent L
9. Palm (हथेली) – silent L

Silent C (C after S, or in some words):

1. Scissors (कैंची) – silent C
2. Scene (दृश्य) – silent C
3. Science (विज्ञान) – silent C
4. Muscle (मांसपेशी) – silent C
5. Descend (उतरना) – silent C

Silent P (P before S, N, T):

1. Psychology (मनोविज्ञान) – silent P
2. Psychiatrist (मनोचिकित्सक) – silent P
3. Psalm (भजन) – silent P
4. Receipt (रसीद) – silent P
5. Pneumonia (निमोनिया) – silent P

Silent T (T in common combinations):

1. Castle (किला) – silent T
2. Listen (सुनना) – silent T
3. Christmas (क्रिसमस) – silent T
4. Often (अक्सर) – T can be silent (depends)
5. Soften (नरम करना) – silent T
6. Castle (किला) – silent T
7. Whistle (सीटी) – silent T

Silent U (U after G):

1. Guide (मार्गदर्शन) – silent U? No, guide has /gw/ sound – but GU often has /g/
2. Guest (मेहमान) – U not silent? Actually GU makes /g/ sound
3. Guitar (गिटार) – silent U
4. Guard (गार्ड) – silent U
5. Guilty (दोषी) – not silent exactly – but taught as special

Silent D (D in some words):

1. Wednesday (बुधवार) – silent D
2. Sandwich (सैंडविच) – silent D (sometimes)
3. Handsome (सुंदर) – silent D
4. Handkerchief (रूमाल) – silent D

Silent N (N after M):

1. Autumn (शरद ऋतु) – silent N
2. Hymn (भजन) – silent N
3. Column (स्तंभ) – silent N
4. Damn (लानत) – silent N
5. Solemn (गंभीर) – silent N

Rule 17: Homophones (Words That Sound the Same)

Hindi:
Homophones वे शब्द हैं जो एक जैसे बोले जाते हैं लेकिन spelling और meaning अलग होते हैं।

English:
Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings.

Common Homophones:

1. There (वहाँ) – Their (उनका) – They’re (वे हैं)
2. To (को) – Too (भी) – Two (दो)
3. Here (यहाँ) – Hear (सुनना)
4. See (देखना) – Sea (समुद्र)
5. For (के लिए) – Four (चार)
6. Hour (घंटा) – Our (हमारा)
7. Know (जानना) – No (नहीं)
8. Write (लिखना) – Right (सही / दायाँ)
9. Peace (शांति) – Piece (टुकड़ा)
10. Meet (मिलना) – Meat (मांस)
11. Son (बेटा) – Sun (सूरज)
12. Night (रात) – Knight (शूरवीर)
13. Weak (कमजोर) – Week (सप्ताह)
14. Buy (खरीदना) – By (द्वारा) – Bye (अलविदा)
15. Whole (पूरा) – Hole (छेद)
16. Hair (बाल) – Hare (खरगोश)
17. Bear (भालू / सहन करना) – Bare (नंगा)
18. Heal (ठीक करना) – Heel (एड़ी)
19. Sale (बिक्री) – Sail (पाल)
20. Tail (पूंछ) – Tale (कहानी)
21. Pair (जोड़ा) – Pear (नाशपाती)
22. Wait (इंतज़ार करना) – Weight (वज़न)
23. Waste (बर्बाद करना) – Waist (कमर)
24. Pale (पीला) – Pail (बाल्टी)
25. Main (मुख्य) – Mane (अयाल)

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Rule 18: Confusable Words (अक्सर गलत होने वाले शब्द)

Hindi:
कुछ शब्द एक जैसे दिखते हैं, लेकिन उनके spelling और meaning अलग होते हैं।

English:
Some words look similar but have different spellings and meanings.

1. Accept (स्वीकार करना) – Except (के अलावा)
2. Affect (प्रभाव डालना – verb) – Effect (परिणाम – noun)
3. Advise (सलाह देना – verb) – Advice (सलाह – noun)
4. Practice (अभ्यास – noun – American also verb) – Practise (अभ्यास करना – verb – British)
5. Stationary (स्थिर) – Stationery (लेखन सामग्री)
6. Complement (पूरक) – Compliment (तारीफ)
7. Principle (सिद्धांत) – Principal (प्रधानाचार्य / मुख्य)
8. Desert (रेगिस्तान / छोड़ देना) – Dessert (मिठाई)
9. Lose (खोना) – Loose (ढीला)
10. Quiet (शांत) – Quite (काफी)
11. Than (से – तुलना) – Then (तब)
12. Weather (मौसम) – Whether (कि / चाहे)
13. Whose (जिसका) – Who’s (Who is)
14. Its (उसका) – It’s (It is)
15. Your (तुम्हारा) – You’re (You are)

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Rule 19: Adding -ly to Words Ending in -ic

Hindi:
-ic के साथ खत्म होने वाले शब्दों में -ally जोड़ें (न कि सिर्फ -ly)।

English:
For words ending in -ic, add -ally (not just -ly).

Examples:

1. Automatic → Automatically (स्वचालित रूप से) – not automaticly
2. Basic → Basically (मूल रूप से) – not basicly
3. Dramatic → Dramatically (नाटकीय रूप से)
4. Enthusiastic → Enthusiastically (उत्साहपूर्वक)
5. Fantastic → Fantastically (शानदार ढंग से)
6. Graphic → Graphically (चित्रात्मक रूप से)
7. Realistic → Realistically (वास्तविक रूप से)
8. Scientific → Scientifically (वैज्ञानिक रूप से)
9. Specific → Specifically (विशेष रूप से)
10. Sympathetic → Sympathetically (सहानुभूतिपूर्वक)

Exception (public – not -ic):

1. Public → Publicly (सार्वजनिक रूप से) – not publically

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Rule 20: Words Ending in -ise or -ize (British vs American)

Hindi:
American English में -ize का उपयोग होता है, British English में -ise अधिक common है।

English:
American English uses -ize, British English often uses -ise.

Examples (-ize / -ise):

American (-ize) British (-ise) Hindi
Realize Realise महसूस करना
Organize Organise व्यवस्थित करना
Recognize Recognise पहचानना
Apologize Apologise माफी माँगना
Civilize Civilise सभ्य बनाना
Modernize Modernise आधुनिक बनाना
Specialize Specialise विशेषज्ञता हासिल करना
Standardize Standardise मानकीकृत करना

Always -ise (both American and British):

1. Exercise (व्यायाम) – not exercize
2. Surprise (आश्चर्य) – not surprize
3. Compromise (समझौता) – not compromize
4. Advise (सलाह देना) – not advize
5. Revise (संशोधन करना) – not revize

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Summary Table of Spelling Rules (सारांश)

Rule Number Rule Description Example
1 I before E except after C Believe, Receive
2 Double final consonant (1-1-1) Run → Running
3 Drop silent E Make → Making
4 Change Y to I Happy → Happier
5 Change IE to Y before -ing Die → Dying
6 Add -ly to make adverbs Quick → Quickly
7 Plural rules (s, es, ies, ves) Baby → Babies
8 Double consonant in stressed syllable Begin → Beginning
9 Add K before -ing after C Picnic → Picnicking
10 Double L (British vs American) Travel → Travelled (British)
11 -ous and -ious Danger → Dangerous
12 -tion and -sion Act → Action
13 -able and -ible Read → Readable
14 -ence and -ance Differ → Difference
15 -ful (one L) Beauty → Beautiful
16 Silent letters Know (silent K)
17 Homophones There, Their, They’re
18 Confusable words Accept vs Except
19 -ic → -ally Automatic → Automatically
20 -ise vs -ize Realize (US) / Realise (UK)

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Rule 21: Adding Prefixes (No Change to Base Word)

Hindi:
Prefix जोड़ते समय base word की spelling में कोई बदलाव नहीं होता है। Prefix सीधे जुड़ जाता है।

English:
When adding a prefix, the spelling of the base word does NOT change. The prefix attaches directly.

Examples:

1. Un + happy → Unhappy (दुखी) – not unhapy
2. In + correct → Incorrect (गलत) – not incorrrect
3. Im + possible → Impossible (असंभव) – not imposible
4. Dis + appear → Disappear (गायब होना) – not disappeir
5. Re + write → Rewrite (फिर से लिखना) – not re-write
6. Mis + spell → Misspell (गलत वर्तनी लिखना) – not mispel
7. Over + load → Overload (अधिक भार डालना) – not overlode
8. Under + estimate → Underestimate (कम आंकना) – not underastimate
9. Pre + pay → Prepay (अग्रिम भुगतान करना) – not pre-pay
10. Post + pone → Postpone (स्थगित करना) – not post-pone
11. Sub + marine → Submarine (पनडुब्बी) – not sub-marine
12. Super + market → Supermarket (सुपरमार्केट) – not super-market
13. Anti + social → Antisocial (असमाजिक) – not anti-social (no hyphen needed)
14. Auto + mobile → Automobile (ऑटोमोबाइल) – not auto-mobile
15. Multi + purpose → Multipurpose (बहुउद्देशीय) – not multi-purpose

Exception (Hyphenated prefixes for clarity):

1. Re + elect → Re-elect (Reelect is also acceptable, but hyphen used to avoid double E)
2. Co + operate → Co-operate (Cooperate is also acceptable)
3. Pre + eminent → Pre-eminent (not preeminent – to avoid trip in reading)
4. De + ice → De-ice (not deice – to avoid confusion)

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Rule 22: Doubling Letters When Adding Prefixes (Assimilation)

Hindi:
कुछ prefixes (जैसे in-, ad-, com-, sub-) में, अगर base word का पहला अक्षर prefix के last letter से मेल खाता हो, तो letter double हो जाता है (assimilation)।

English:
Some prefixes (like in-, ad-, com-, sub-) may double the consonant when the base word starts with the same letter (assimilation).

Examples of Assimilation:

in- (becomes im-, il-, ir-) before certain letters:

1. In + possible → Impossible (असंभव) – not inpossible
2. In + legal → Illegal (अवैध) – not inlegal
3. In + regular → Irregular (अनियमित) – not inregular
4. In + mortal → Immortal (अमर) – not inmortal
5. In + logical → Illogical (तर्कहीन) – not inlogical
6. In + responsible → Irresponsible (गैरजिम्मेदार) – not inresponsible
7. In + mature → Immature (अपरिपक्व) – not inmature
8. In + literate → Illiterate (अशिक्षित) – not inliterate
9. In + rational → Irrational (तर्कहीन) – not inrational
10. In + measurable → Immeasurable (अपार) – not inmeasurable

ad- (becomes ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-) before same letter:

1. Ad + count → Account (खाता) – not adcount
2. Ad + firm → Affirm (पुष्टि करना) – not adfirm
3. Ad + gravate → Aggravate (बढ़ाना) – not adgravate
4. Ad + locate → Allocate (आवंटित करना) – not adlocate
5. Ad + nounce → Announce (घोषणा करना) – not adnounce
6. Ad + point → Appoint (नियुक्त करना) – not adpoint
7. Ad + range → Arrange (व्यवस्थित करना) – not adrange
8. Ad + sist → Assist (सहायता करना) – not adsist
9. Ad + tract → Attract (आकर्षित करना) – not adtract
10. Ad + celerate → Accelerate (त्वरित करना) – not adcelerate

com- (becomes co-, col-, cor-, con-) before same letter:

1. Com + operate → Cooperate (सहयोग करना) – not comoperate
2. Com + lect → Collect (इकट्ठा करना) – not colect
3. Com + rect → Correct (सही) – not comrect
4. Com + nect → Connect (जोड़ना) – not comnect
5. Com + respond → Correspond (पत्र व्यवहार करना) – not comrespond
6. Com + lateral → Collateral (संपार्श्विक) – not comlateral
7. Com + relate → Correlate (सहसंबंध रखना) – not comrelate
8. Com + note → Connote (संकेत करना) – not comnote
9. Com + lapse → Collapse (ढहना) – not comlapse
10. Com + rupt → Corrupt (भ्रष्ट) – not comrupt

sub- (becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-) before same letter:

1. Sub + ceed → Succeed (सफल होना) – not subceed
2. Sub + fer → Suffer (पीड़ित होना) – not subfer
3. Sub + gest → Suggest (सुझाव देना) – not subgest
4. Sub + mon → Summon (बुलाना) – not submon
5. Sub + ply → Supply (आपूर्ति करना) – not subply
6. Sub + render → Surrender (आत्मसमर्पण करना) – not subrender
7. Sub + pend → Suspend (स्थगित करना) – not subpend
8. Sub + ficient → Sufficient (पर्याप्त) – not subficient
9. Sub + press → Suppress (दबाना) – not subpress
10. Sub + gestible → Suggestible (सुझाव ग्रहण करने योग्य) – not subgestible

Rule 23: Words Ending in -ceed, -cede, -sede

Hindi:
सिर्फ तीन शब्द -ceed में खत्म होते हैं। सिर्फ एक शब्द -sede में खत्म होता है। बाकी सभी -cede में खत्म होते हैं।

English:
Only three words end in -ceed. Only one word ends in -sede. All others end in -cede.

-ceed (only 3 words):

1. Exceed (अधिक होना) – not excede
2. Proceed (आगे बढ़ना) – not procede
3. Succeed (सफल होना) – not succede

-sede (only 1 word):

1. Supersede (स्थान लेना) – not supercede

-cede (all others):

1. Accede (सहमत होना)
2. Concede (स्वीकार करना)
3. Intercede (बीच बचाव करना)
4. Precede (पहले होना)
5. Recede (पीछे हटना)
6. Secede (अलग होना)
7. Cede (हस्तांतरित करना)

—

Rule 24: Adding -ment (No Change)

Hindi:
-ment जोड़ते समय आमतौर पर base word में कोई बदलाव नहीं होता। सिर्फ कुछ अपवाद हैं।

English:
When adding -ment, the base word usually does NOT change. There are a few exceptions.

Examples (no change):

1. Achieve → Achievement (उपलब्धि)
2. Agree → Agreement (समझौता)
3. Amuse → Amusement (मनोरंजन)
4. Announce → Announcement (घोषणा)
5. Appoint → Appointment (नियुक्ति)
6. Argue → Argument (बहस) – drop E? Actually Argue → Argument (drop E)
7. Commit → Commitment (प्रतिबद्धता) – double T
8. Develop → Development (विकास) – no change
9. Encourage → Encouragement (प्रोत्साहन)
10. Enjoy → Enjoyment (आनंद)
11. Govern → Government (सरकार) – no change (but pronunciation changes)
12. Judge → Judgment (निर्णय) – drop E? Both judgment and judgement are acceptable
13. Move → Movement (आंदोलन) – no change
14. Pay → Payment (भुगतान)
15. Treat → Treatment (उपचार)

Exceptions (drop E or other changes):

1. Argue → Argument (आर्ग्युमेंट) – drop E
2. Acknowledge → Acknowledgment (स्वीकारोक्ति) – drop E (American) / Acknowledgement (British)
3. Judge → Judgment (निर्णय) – drop E (American) / Judgement (British)

—

Rule 25: Adding -ness (No Change except Y)

Hindi:
-ness जोड़ते समय, यदि शब्द Y के साथ खत्म हो और उससे पहले consonant हो, तो Y को I में बदलें। अन्यथा कोई बदलाव नहीं।

English:
When adding -ness, if the word ends in Y with a consonant before it, change Y to I. Otherwise, no change.

Examples (Y → I before -ness):

1. Happy → Happiness (खुशी) – not happyness
2. Lonely → Loneliness (अकेलापन) – not lonelyness
3. Ready → Readiness (तैयारी) – not readyn
4. Busy → Business (व्यवसाय) – special: Busy → Business (y → i, but also spelling change)
5. Easy → Easiness (आसानी) – not easyness
6. Heavy → Heaviness (भारीपन) – not heaviness? Actually heaviness
7. Crazy → Craziness (पागलपन) – not craziness
8. Ugly → Ugliness (बदसूरती)
9. Merry → Merriments? Merriest? Actually Merry → Merriness (but not common)
10. Pretty → Prettiness (सुंदरता)

Examples (no change – vowel + Y):

1. Gray → Grayness (ग्रेपन) – not grainess
2. Coy → Coyness (शर्मीलापन) – not coiness
3. Joy → Joyness (खुशी – rare) – but Joyfulness is more common
4. Play → Playness (not common) – Playfulness

Examples (no change – other endings):

1. Kind → Kindness (दयालुता)
2. Sad → Sadness (उदासी)
3. Dark → Darkness (अंधेरा)
4. Weak → Weakness (कमजोरी)
5. Good → Goodness (अच्छाई)
6. Bright → Brightness (चमक)
7. Silent → Silence (not -ness) – Silent → Silence (different suffix)
8. Pure → Pureness (शुद्धता) – or Purity

—

Rule 26: Adding -ful to Words Ending in Y

Hindi:
जब -ful जोड़ते हैं और शब्द Y के साथ खत्म होता है, तो Y को I में बदलें।

English:
When adding -ful and the word ends in Y, change Y to I.

Examples:

1. Beauty → Beautiful (सुंदर) – not beautyful
2. Bounty → Bountiful (उदार) – not bountyful
3. Duty → Dutiful (कर्तव्यनिष्ठ) – not dutyful
4. Mercy → Merciful (दयालु) – not mercyful
5. Pity → Pitiful (दयनीय) – not pityful
6. Plenty → Plentiful (प्रचुर) – not plentyful
7. Truth → Truthful (सच्चा) – no Y
8. Hope → Hopeful (आशावान) – no Y, drop E

—

Rule 27: Apostrophe Rules for Spelling

Hindi:
Apostrophe का उपयोग: (1) Contractions (संक्षिप्त रूप) में, (2) Possession (स्वामित्व) दिखाने के लिए। Possession में singular nouns के लिए ‘s, plural nouns के लिए सिर्फ ‘ (s के बाद), और irregular plurals के लिए ‘s जोड़ें।

English:
Use apostrophes for: (1) Contractions (shortened forms), (2) Possession. For possession: add ‘s for singular nouns, add ‘ after s for plural nouns ending in s, and add ‘s for irregular plurals.

Contractions (संक्षिप्त रूप):

1. Do not → Don’t (मत करो)
2. Cannot → Can’t (नहीं कर सकता)
3. Will not → Won’t (नहीं करेगा)
4. Shall not → Shan’t (नहीं करूँगा – rare)
5. I am → I’m (मैं हूँ)
6. You are → You’re (तुम हो)
7. He is / He has → He’s (वह है / वह है)
8. She is / She has → She’s (वह है)
9. It is / It has → It’s (यह है) – careful: Its (उसका) has NO apostrophe
10. We are → We’re (हम हैं)
11. They are → They’re (वे हैं)
12. I have → I’ve (मेरे पास है)
13. You have → You’ve (तुम्हारे पास है)
14. We have → We’ve (हमारे पास है)
15. They have → They’ve (उनके पास है)
16. I had / I would → I’d (मैंने / मैं करूँगा)
17. You had / You would → You’d (तुमने / तुम करोगे)
18. He had / He would → He’d (उसने / वह करेगा)
19. Let us → Let’s (चलो)
20. Of the clock → O’clock (बजे)

Possession (Singular – add ‘s):

1. Ram’s book (राम की किताब)
2. Sita’s pen (सीता का पेन)
3. The dog’s tail (कुत्ते की पूंछ)
4. My mother’s house (मेरी माँ का घर)
5. India’s capital (भारत की राजधानी)
6. The child’s toy (बच्चे का खिलौना)

Possession (Plural ending in S – add only ‘ after s):

1. The boys’ school (लड़कों का स्कूल) – not boy’s (singular)
2. The girls’ uniforms (लड़कियों की वर्दी)
3. The teachers’ room (शिक्षकों का कमरा)
4. The cats’ food (बिल्लियों का खाना)
5. The dogs’ leashes (कुत्तों के पट्टे)

Possession (Irregular plurals – add ‘s):

1. Children’s park (बच्चों का पार्क) – not childrens’
2. Men’s room (पुरुषों का कमरा) – not mens’
3. Women’s college (महिलाओं का कॉलेज) – not womens’
4. People’s choice (लोगों की पसंद) – not peoples’
5. Mice’s tails (चूहों की पूंछ) – rarely used

Common Apostrophe Mistakes (अक्सर गलतियाँ):

1. Its (उसका) – no apostrophe – It’s (it is) – with apostrophe
2. Your (तुम्हारा) – no apostrophe – You’re (you are) – with apostrophe
3. Their (उनका) – no apostrophe – They’re (they are) – with apostrophe
4. Who’s (who is) – with apostrophe – Whose (जिसका) – no apostrophe

Rule 28: Hyphenation in Compound Words

Hindi:
Compound words को hyphen के साथ, बिना hyphen के, या अलग-अलग शब्दों के रूप में लिखा जा सकता है। समय के साथ, open compound → hyphenated → closed compound में बदल जाते हैं।

English:
Compound words can be written as open (two words), hyphenated, or closed (one word). Over time, open compounds become hyphenated then closed.

Open compounds (two words):

1. Ice cream (आइसक्रीम)
2. High school (हाई स्कूल)
3. Post office (पोस्ट ऑफिस)
4. Real estate (रियल एस्टेट)
5. Swimming pool (स्विमिंग पूल)

Hyphenated compounds (with hyphen):

1. Mother-in-law (सास)
2. Father-in-law (ससुर)
3. Brother-in-law (साला / जीजा)
4. Sister-in-law (ननद / साली)
5. Well-being (भलाई)
6. Merry-go-round (हिंडोला)
7. Editor-in-chief (प्रधान संपादक)
8. Passer-by (राहगीर)
9. Long-term (दीर्घकालिक)
10. Up-to-date (अद्यतन)

Closed compounds (one word):

1. Bedroom (बेडरूम) – from bed room
2. Sunflower (सूरजमुखी) – from sun flower
3. Mailbox (मेलबॉक्स) – from mail box
4. Notebook (नोटबुक) – from note book
5. Toothbrush (टूथब्रश) – from tooth brush

Hyphen with numbers (21 to 99):

1. Twenty-one (इक्कीस)
2. Thirty-two (बत्तीस)
3. Forty-three (तैंतालीस)
4. Fifty-four (चौवन)
5. Sixty-five (पैंसठ)
6. Seventy-six (छिहत्तर)
7. Eighty-seven (सत्तासी)
8. Ninety-eight (अट्ठानबे)
9. Ninety-nine (निन्यानवे)
10. One hundred (एक सौ) – no hyphen

Hyphen with fractions (as adjectives):

1. One-half (आधा)
2. Two-thirds (दो-तिहाई)
3. Three-quarters (तीन-चौथाई)
4. One-eighth (आठवां भाग)
5. Five-sixteenths (पांच-सोलहवां)

Hyphen to avoid confusion (prefixes):

1. Re-cover (फिर से ढकना) vs Recover (ठीक होना)
2. Re-create (फिर से बनाना) vs Recreate (मनोरंजन करना)
3. Re-sign (फिर से हस्ताक्षर करना) vs Resign (त्यागपत्र देना)
4. Co-op (सहकारी) vs Coop (पिंजड़ा)

—

Rule 29: Capitalization Rules

Hindi:
अंग्रेज़ी में capitalization (बड़े अक्षर) के नियम: sentence का पहला शब्द, proper nouns, days, months, holidays, brand names, titles, और pronoun “I” हमेशा capital होते हैं।

English:
Capitalization rules: first word of a sentence, proper nouns, days, months, holidays, brand names, titles, and the pronoun “I” are always capitalized.

Rule 29.1: First word of a sentence:

1. The sky is blue. (आसमान नीला है।)
2. She is coming today. (वह आज आ रही है।)
3. What is your name? (तुम्हारा नाम क्या है?)
4. Help me, please. (कृपया मेरी मदद करो।)

Rule 29.2: The pronoun “I”:

1. I am happy. (मैं खुश हूँ।)
2. He and I are friends. (वह और मैं दोस्त हैं।)
3. Can I help you? (क्या मैं तुम्हारी मदद कर सकता हूँ?)

Rule 29.3: Proper nouns (names of specific people, places, things):

1. Ram (राम) – not ram
2. India (भारत) – not india
3. John (जॉन) – not john
4. London (लंदन) – not london
5. Amazon River (अमेज़न नदी) – not amazon river? River is common, but Amazon is proper

Rule 29.4: Days of the week and months:

1. Monday (सोमवार) – not monday
2. Tuesday (मंगलवार)
3. January (जनवरी) – not january
4. December (दिसंबर)

Rule 29.5: Holidays and special days:

1. Christmas (क्रिसमस)
2. Diwali (दिवाली)
3. New Year’s Day (नया साल)
4. Independence Day (स्वतंत्रता दिवस)

Rule 29.6: Nationalities and languages:

1. Indian (भारतीय)
2. American (अमेरिकी)
3. English (अंग्रेज़ी)
4. Hindi (हिंदी)

Rule 29.7: Brand names and trademarks:

1. Nike (नाइकी)
2. Coca-Cola (कोका-कोला)
3. iPhone (आईफोन)
4. Google (गूगल)

Rule 29.8: Titles before names:

1. Dr. Sharma (डॉ. शर्मा)
2. Mr. Verma (श्री वर्मा)
3. Mrs. Gupta (श्रीमती गुप्ता)
4. President Biden (राष्ट्रपति बिडेन)
5. Queen Elizabeth (रानी एलिजाबेथ)

Rule 29.9: Major words in titles (Headline Case):

1. War and Peace (युद्ध और शांति) – War, Peace capitalized; and not
2. The Lord of the Rings (द लॉर्ड ऑफ द रिंग्स) – The, Lord, Rings capitalized; of, the not
3. Gone with the Wind (गॉन विद द विंड) – Gone, Wind capitalized; with, the not

Rule 29.10: Geographic directions (only when referring to specific regions):

1. I live in the South (मैं दक्षिण में रहता हूँ) – region – capital S
2. Go south for 2 miles (दो मील दक्षिण जाओ) – direction – small s
3. The West is known for its culture (पश्चिम अपनी संस्कृति के लिए जाना जाता है) – region
4. Turn west at the signal (सिग्नल पर पश्चिम मुड़ें) – direction

Rule 29.11: Family relationships (only when used as names):

1. I love you, Mom (मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ, माँ) – as name
2. My mom is kind (मेरी माँ दयालु है) – not capitalized
3. Please call Father (कृपया पिताजी को बुलाओ) – as name
4. My father works hard (मेरे पिता मेहनत करते हैं) – not capitalized

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Rule 30: Spelling of Abbreviations and Acronyms

Hindi:
Abbreviations (संक्षिप्त रूप) और acronyms (प्रारंभिक अक्षरों से बने शब्द) के अपने spelling नियम होते हैं।

English:
Abbreviations and acronyms have their own spelling rules.

Common abbreviations (with periods – formal; without periods – informal):

1. Mr. (Mister) – श्री
2. Mrs. (Mistress) – श्रीमती
3. Ms. (Ms.) – सुश्री
4. Dr. (Doctor) – डॉक्टर
5. Prof. (Professor) – प्रोफेसर
6. e.g. (example given – Latin: exempli gratia) – उदाहरण के लिए
7. i.e. (that is – Latin: id est) – अर्थात
8. etc. (et cetera) – वगैरह
9. vs. (versus) – बनाम
10. Inc. (Incorporated) – निगमित

Acronyms (pronounced as words – all caps, no periods):

1. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) – नासा
2. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) – यूनेस्को
3. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) – नाटो
4. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) – एड्स
5. RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) – रडार
6. LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) – लेजर
7. SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) – स्कूबा
8. COVID (Corona Virus Disease) – कोविड

Initialisms (pronounced letter by letter – all caps, no periods):

1. FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) – एफबीआई
2. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) – सीआईए
3. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) – बीबीसी
4. USA (United States of America) – यूएसए
5. UK (United Kingdom) – यूके
6. UN (United Nations) – यूएन
7. WTO (World Trade Organization) – डब्ल्यूटीओ
8. WHO (World Health Organization) – डब्ल्यूएचओ
9. IQ (Intelligence Quotient) – आईक्यू
10. ATM (Automated Teller Machine) – एटीएम

Texting abbreviations (informal – often lowercase):

1. LOL (Laugh Out Loud) – जोर से हंसना
2. BRB (Be Right Back) – अभी आता हूँ
3. ASAP (As Soon As Possible) – जितनी जल्दी हो सके
4. FYI (For Your Information) – तुम्हारी जानकारी के लिए
5. TTYL (Talk To You Later) – बाद में बात करते हैं
6. OMG (Oh My God) – हे भगवान
7. IDK (I Don’t Know) – मैं नहीं जानता

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Rule 31: Spelling of Numbers

Hindi:
Numbers को लिखने के नियम: 1 से 9 तक के numbers शब्दों में लिखें, 10 और उससे बड़े numbers अंकों में लिखें (informal writing में exception हो सकता है)।

English:
Number spelling rules: spell out numbers 1 to 9, use numerals for 10 and above (exceptions exist in informal writing).

Numbers 1 to 20 (spelled out):

1. One (एक)
2. Two (दो)
3. Three (तीन)
4. Four (चार)
5. Five (पाँच)
6. Six (छह)
7. Seven (सात)
8. Eight (आठ)
9. Nine (नौ)
10. Ten (दस)
11. Eleven (ग्यारह)
12. Twelve (बारह)
13. Thirteen (तेरह)
14. Fourteen (चौदह)
15. Fifteen (पंद्रह)
16. Sixteen (सोलह)
17. Seventeen (सत्रह)
18. Eighteen (अठारह)
19. Nineteen (उन्नीस)
20. Twenty (बीस)

Tens (spelled out):

1. Twenty-one (इक्कीस) – hyphen
2. Thirty (तीस)
3. Forty (चालीस) – not fourty
4. Fifty (पचास)
5. Sixty (साठ)
6. Seventy (सत्तर)
7. Eighty (अस्सी)
8. Ninety (नब्बे)
9. One hundred (एक सौ)
10. One thousand (एक हज़ार)
11. One million (दस लाख)
12. One billion (एक अरब)

Common spelling mistakes with numbers:

1. Forty (चालीस) – not fourty (common mistake)
2. Twelve (बारह) – not tweleve
3. Eighth (आठवाँ) – not eigth (drop one E)
4. Ninth (नौवाँ) – not nineth (drop E)
5. Ninety (नब्बे) – not ninty

Ordinal numbers:

1. First (पहला)
2. Second (दूसरा)
3. Third (तीसरा)
4. Fourth (चौथा)
5. Fifth (पाँचवाँ)
6. Sixth (छठा)
7. Seventh (सातवाँ)
8. Eighth (आठवाँ) – note spelling
9. Ninth (नौवाँ) – note spelling (no E)
10. Tenth (दसवाँ)
11. Eleventh (ग्यारहवाँ)
12. Twelfth (बारहवाँ) – note spelling (f, not v)
13. Twentieth (बीसवाँ)
14. Thirty-first (इकतीसवाँ)

—

Rule 32: Words with Double Letters (Common Pairs)

Hindi:
कुछ शब्दों में double letters होते हैं – इन्हें याद करना पड़ता है।

English:
Some words have double letters – they need to be memorized.

Double A:

1. Baalbek (बालबेक) – rare
2. Bazaar (बाज़ार) – double A (from Persian)

Double B:

1. Abbey (मठ)
2. Abbreviation (संक्षिप्त रूप)
3. Bubble (बुलबुला)
4. Cabbage (पत्ता गोभी)
5. Ebony (आबनूस) – no double? Actually ebony has single B
6. Rabbit (खरगोश)
7. Robbery (डकैती)
8. Rubber (रबर)
9. Stubborn (ज़िद्दी)
10. Tobacco (तम्बाकू)

Double C:

1. Accident (दुर्घटना)
2. Account (खाता)
3. Accommodate (समायोजित करना) – double C and double M
4. Accord (समझौता)
5. Occur (घटित होना) – one C, double R
6. Success (सफलता)

Double D:

1. Address (पता)
2. Addition (जोड़)
3. Middle (बीच)
4. Puddle (पोखर)
5. Sudden (अचानक)

Double E:

1. Bee (मधुमक्खी)
2. Been (हुआ)
3. Beer (बियर)
4. Cheer (प्रोत्साहित करना)
5. Deer (हिरन)
6. Fee (शुल्क)
7. Free (मुक्त)
8. Greet (अभिवादन करना)
9. Need (ज़रूरत)
10. See (देखना)
11. Tree (पेड़)

Double F:

1. Afford (वहन करना)
2. Different (अलग)
3. Difficult (मुश्किल)
4. Effort (प्रयास)
5. Office (कार्यालय)
6. Official (आधिकारिक) – single F? Actually official has single F
7. Suffer (पीड़ित होना)

Double G:

1. Egg (अंडा)
2. Aggressive (आक्रामक) – double G
3. Suggest (सुझाव देना)
4. Struggle (संघर्ष करना)

Double L (most common):

1. All (सब)
2. Ball (गेंद)
3. Call (बुलाना)
4. Fall (गिरना)
5. Full (पूरा)
6. Hall (हॉल)
7. Hill (पहाड़ी)
8. Small (छोटा)
9. Tell (बताना)
10. Wall (दीवार)
11. Well (अच्छा / कुआँ)
12. Will (इच्छा / करेगा)

Double M:

1. Accommodate (समायोजित करना) – double C and double M
2. Commemorate (स्मरण करना)
3. Commission (आयोग)
4. Common (सामान्य)
5. Immediate (तत्काल)
6. Immense (अपार)
7. Summertime (गर्मी का मौसम)

Double N:

1. Annual (वार्षिक)
2. Connection (संबंध) – one N
3. Dinner (रात का खाना)
4. Innocent (निर्दोष)
5. Manner (तरीका)
6. Morning (सुबह)
7. Running (दौड़ना)
8. Sonnet (सॉनेट)
9. Tennis (टेनिस)

Double P:

1. Appear (प्रकट होना)
2. Apple (सेब)
3. Apply (आवेदन करना)
4. Approach (दृष्टिकोण)
5. Approve (अनुमोदन करना)
6. Happy (खुश)
7. Opportunity (अवसर)
8. Opposite (विपरीत)
9. Support (समर्थन)
10. Suppose (मान लेना)

Double R:

1. Arrive (पहुंचना)
2. Borrow (उधार लेना)
3. Carry (ढोना)
4. Correct (सही)
5. Error (त्रुटि)
6. Hurry (जल्दी करना)
7. Marry (शादी करना)
8. Occur (घटित होना)
9. Sorry (क्षमा करें)
10. Terrible (भयानक) – one R? Actually terrible has one R

Double S:

1. Address (पता)
2. Assess (मूल्यांकन करना)
3. Class (कक्षा)
4. Discuss (चर्चा करना)
5. Express (व्यक्त करना)
6. Message (संदेश) – one S? Actually message has single S
7. Pass (पास करना)
8. Possess (अधिकार रखना) – double S twice
9. Success (सफलता) – double C and double S
10. Suggest (सुझाव देना) – double G, single S? Actually suggest has double G, single S? No, suggest has one S

Double T:

1. Attend (उपस्थित होना)
2. Attack (हमला करना)
3. Attract (आकर्षित करना)
4. Better (बेहतर)
5. Butter (मक्खन)
6. Letter (पत्र)
7. Little (थोड़ा)
8. Matter (मामला)
9. Pretty (सुंदर)
10. Written (लिखा हुआ)

Double Z:

1. Buzz (भिनभिनाना)
2. Buzzard (चील)
3. Dizzy (चक्कर आना)
4. Fuzzy (धुंधला)
5. Puzzle (पहेली)
6. Sizzle (चटकना)

Rule 33: US vs British Spelling Differences Summary

Hindi:
American और British English spelling में कई अंतर होते हैं।

English:
There are many spelling differences between American and British English.

-or vs -our (American drops U):

American British Hindi
Color Colour रंग
Honor Honour सम्मान
Labor Labour श्रम
Neighbor Neighbour पड़ोसी
Flavor Flavour स्वाद
Behavior Behaviour व्यवहार

-ize vs -ise (American uses Z, British uses S):

American British Hindi
Realize Realise महसूस करना
Organize Organise व्यवस्थित करना
Recognize Recognise पहचानना
Apologize Apologise माफी माँगना
Civilize Civilise सभ्य बनाना

-er vs -re (American reverses RE to ER):

American British Hindi
Center Centre केंद्र
Theater Theatre थिएटर
Meter Metre मीटर
Liter Litre लीटर
Caliber Calibre क्षमता

-ense vs -ence (American uses ENSE):

American British Hindi
Defense Defence बचाव
Offense Offence अपराध
License Licence लाइसेंस
Practice (v/n) Practise (v) / Practice (n) अभ्यास करना / अभ्यास

-og vs -ogue (American drops UE):

American British Hindi
Catalog Catalogue सूची
Dialog Dialogue संवाद
Analog Analogue एनालॉग
Monolog Monologue एकालाप

-ed vs -t (American uses ED, British uses T):

American British Hindi
Learned Learnt सीखा
Burned Burnt जला
Dreamed Dreamt सपना देखा
Spelled Spelt वर्तनी लिखी
Spilled Spilt गिराया

Double L vs Single L (in past tense):

American British Hindi
Traveled Travelled यात्रा की
Canceled Cancelled रद्द किया
Labeled Labelled लेबल लगाया
Marveled Marvelled आश्चर्य किया

Special cases:

American British Hindi
Tire Tyre टायर
Check Cheque चेक
Plow Plough हल
Draft Draught ड्राफ्ट
Jail Gaol जेल (archaic)
Gray Grey ग्रे रंग
Sulfur Sulphur सल्फर

—

Rule 34: Words That Are Often Misspelled (Top 100)

Hindi:
अंग्रेज़ी के कुछ शब्द ऐसे हैं जिनकी spelling लोग अक्सर गलत लिखते हैं।

English:
Some English words are frequently misspelled.

Common Misspellings (Correct → Incorrect):

Correct Incorrect Hindi
Accommodate Accomodate समायोजित करना
Achieve Achieve प्राप्त करना
Address Adress पता
Agree Agree (same) सहमत होना
Argument Arguement बहस
Believe Believe विश्वास करना
Business Bussiness व्यवसाय
Calendar Calender कैलेंडर
Cemetery Cemetary कब्रिस्तान
Definitely Definately निश्चित रूप से
Embarrass Embarass शर्मिंदा करना
Environment Enviroment वातावरण
Existence Existance अस्तित्व
Grammar Grammer व्याकरण
Harass Harrass परेशान करना
Independent Independant स्वतंत्र
Irrelevant Irrelevent अप्रासंगिक
Knowledge Knowlege ज्ञान
License Lisence लाइसेंस
Maintenance Maintainance रखरखाव
Manageable Manageable (same) प्रबंधनीय
Mischievous Mischievious शरारती
Necessary Neccessary आवश्यक
Occurred Occured घटित हुआ
Occurrence Occurence घटना
Opportunity Oppertunity अवसर
Parallel Parallell समानांतर
Privilege Priviledge विशेषाधिकार
Publicly Publically सार्वजनिक रूप से
Receive Recieve प्राप्त करना
Recommend Recomend सिफारिश करना
Referred Refered संदर्भित किया
Rhythm Rythm लय
Separate Seperate अलग करना
Successful Succesful सफल
Surprise Surprize आश्चर्य
Tomorrow Tommorrow कल
Until Untill जब तक
Vacuum Vaccum वैक्यूम
Weather Whether मौसम
Weird Wierd अजीब
Welcome Wellcome स्वागत
Writing Writting लिखना

—

Rule 35: Words Ending in -ance and -ence (Expanded)

Hindi:
-ench, -ance, -ence suffix के शब्द अक्सर confusing होते हैं।

English:
Words ending in -ance and -ence are often confusing.

Common -ance words:

1. Acceptance (स्वीकृति)
2. Appearance (उपस्थिति)
3. Assistance (सहायता)
4. Attendance (उपस्थिति)
5. Balance (संतुलन)
6. Clearance (निकासी)
7. Compliance (अनुपालन)
8. Distance (दूरी)
9. Entrance (प्रवेश द्वार)
10. Importance (महत्व)
11. Maintenance (रखरखाव) – note spelling (mainten-ance, not maintain-ance)
12. Performance (प्रदर्शन)
13. Resistance (प्रतिरोध)
14. Significance (महत्व)
15. Tolerance (सहनशीलता)

Common -ence words:

1. Absence (अनुपस्थिति)
2. Confidence (आत्मविश्वास)
3. Consequence (परिणाम)
4. Difference (अंतर)
5. Evidence (सबूत)
6. Existence (अस्तित्व)
7. Influence (प्रभाव)
8. Intelligence (बुद्धिमत्ता)
9. Occurrence (घटना) – note double R before -ence
10. Patience (धैर्य)
11. Preference (प्राथमिकता)
12. Presence (उपस्थिति)
13. Reference (संदर्भ)
14. Silence (शांति)
15. Violence (हिंसा)

Rule 36: Words Ending in -able and -ible (Expanded)

Hindi:
-able और -ible के बीच का अंतर याद रखना मुश्किल होता है।

English:
The difference between -able and -ible is hard to remember.

Tips to remember:

1. If the word can stand alone without the suffix (read → readable), use -able.
2. If the word cannot stand alone (terr → terrible), use -ible.
3. -able is much more common.
4. Many -ible words come from Latin.

More -able words:

1. Affable (मिलनसार) – not affible
2. Comfortable (आरामदायक)
3. Dependable (भरोसेमंद)
4. Enjoyable (आनंददायक)
5. Favorable (अनुकूल)
6. Honorable (सम्माननीय)
7. Laughable (हंसने योग्य)
8. Noticeable (ध्यान देने योग्य) – drop E
9. Peaceable (शांतिप्रिय)
10. Reasonable (उचित)

More -ible words:

1. Accessible (सुलभ)
2. Audible (सुनाई देने योग्य)
3. Compatible (संगत)
4. Credible (विश्वसनीय)
5. Edible (खाने योग्य)
6. Feasible (व्यवहार्य)
7. Flexible (लचीला)
8. Horrible (भयानक)
9. Incredible (अविश्वसनीय)
10. Legible (पढ़ने योग्य)
11. Plausible (प्रशंसनीय)
12. Possible (संभव)
13. Responsible (जिम्मेदार)
14. Sensible (समझदार)
15. Terrible (बुरा)
16. Visible (दृश्यमान)

—

Rule 37: Words with Silent Letters (Expanded)

Hindi:
मौन अक्षर वाले अधिक शब्द। Silent letters को याद करना पड़ता है।

English:
More words with silent letters. Silent letters must be memorized.

Silent A:

1. Heart (दिल) – silent A? No, heart has ‘ea’ sound
2. Actually, A is rarely silent.

Silent C (after S):

1. Scissors (कैंची) – silent C
2. Scene (दृश्य) – silent C
3. Science (विज्ञान) – silent first C? No, ‘sc’ makes ‘s’ sound
4. Scent (गंध) – silent C
5. Muscle (मांसपेशी) – silent C
6. Descend (उतरना) – silent C? No, ‘sc’ makes ‘s’ sound

Silent D:

1. Wednesday (बुधवार) – silent D
2. Sandwich (सैंडविच) – silent D (in fast speech)
3. Handsome (सुंदर) – silent D
4. Handkerchief (रूमाल) – silent D
5. Edge (किनारा) – D is pronounced? Actually D is pronounced.

Silent E (at end of word – makes vowel long):

1. Name (नाम) – silent E
2. Time (समय) – silent E
3. Make (बनाना) – silent E
4. Write (लिखना) – silent E
5. Hope (आशा) – silent E
6. Love (प्यार) – silent E
7. Give (देना) – silent E
8. Have (रखना) – silent E

Silent G (before N, also GN at beginning):

1. Gnaw (कुतरना) – silent G
2. Gnome (बौना) – silent G
3. Gnat (मच्छर) – silent G
4. Gnash (दाँत पीसना) – silent G
5. Sign (संकेत) – silent G
6. Resign (त्यागपत्र देना) – silent G
7. Foreign (विदेशी) – silent G
8. Campaign (अभियान) – silent G
9. Design (डिज़ाइन) – silent G

Silent GH (after vowel):

1. Night (रात) – silent GH
2. Light (प्रकाश) – silent GH
3. Right (सही) – silent GH
4. Fight (लड़ाई) – silent GH
5. Thought (विचार) – silent GH
6. Through (के माध्यम से) – silent GH
7. Although (हालाँकि) – silent GH
8. Daughter (बेटी) – silent GH
9. Weight (वज़न) – silent GH
10. Height (ऊँचाई) – silent GH

Silent H (after W, at beginning):

1. What (क्या) – silent H
2. When (कब) – silent H
3. Where (कहाँ) – silent H
4. Why (क्यों) – silent H
5. White (सफेद) – silent H
6. Whole (पूरा) – silent W? Actually W is silent in “whole”? No, whole has ‘wh’ – silent H?
7. Hour (घंटा) – silent H
8. Honest (ईमानदार) – silent H
9. Honor (सम्मान) – silent H
10. Heir (वारिस) – silent H

Silent K (before N):

1. Know (जानना)
2. Kneel (घुटने टेकना)
3. Knife (चाकू)
4. Knight (शूरवीर)
5. Knit (बुनना)
6. Knock (खटखटाना)
7. Knot (गाँठ)
8. Knowledge (ज्ञान)
9. Knuckle (पोर)

Silent L (after A, O, before F, K, M):

1. Half (आधा)
2. Talk (बात करना)
3. Walk (चलना)
4. Chalk (चाक)
5. Yolk (अंडे की जर्दी)
6. Folk (लोक)
7. Palm (हथेली)
8. Calm (शांत)
9. Could (सकता था)
10. Would (करता)
11. Should (चाहिए)

Silent N (after M):

1. Autumn (शरद ऋतु)
2. Hymn (भजन)
3. Column (स्तंभ)
4. Damn (लानत)
5. Solemn (गंभीर)
6. Condemn (निंदा करना)

Silent P (before N, S, T):

1. Pneumonia (निमोनिया)
2. Pneumatic (वायवीय)
3. Psalm (भजन)
4. Psychic (मानसिक)
5. Psychology (मनोविज्ञान)
6. Psychiatry (मनोचिकित्सा)
7. Ptomaine (विषाक्त पदार्थ)
8. Receipt (रसीद)

Silent S (in some words):

1. Island (द्वीप) – silent S
2. Isle (द्वीप – छोटा) – silent S
3. Aisle (गलियारा) – silent S
4. Debris (मलबा) – silent S (in French pronunciation)

Silent T (common in many words):

1. Castle (किला)
2. Listen (सुनना)
3. Often (अक्सर) – T can be silent or pronounced
4. Soften (नरम करना)
5. Christmas (क्रिसमस)
6. Whistle (सीटी)
7. Thistle (थीस्ल) – a plant
8. Wrestle (कुश्ती लड़ना)
9. Hustle (जल्दी करना)
10. Bustle (हलचल)
11. Nestle (घोंसला बनाना)
12. Mortgage (बंधक) – silent T? Actually mortgage has silent T? No, ‘t’ is pronounced? Mort-gage – T is not silent.

Silent U (after G, before vowel):

1. Guest (मेहमान) – U not silent? /g/ sound
2. Guide (मार्गदर्शन)
3. Guitar (गिटार)
4. Guard (गार्ड)
5. Guess (अनुमान लगाना)
6. Guild (गिल्ड)
7. Guilty (दोषी)

Silent W (before R, at beginning of question words):

1. Write (लिखना)
2. Wrist (कलाई)
3. Wrong (गलत)
4. Wreck (बर्बाद करना)
5. Wriggle (ऐंठना)
6. Wrinkle (झुर्री)
7. Who (कौन) – silent W? Actually ‘wh’ – silent H? W is silent?
8. Whose (जिसका) – silent W?
9. Whole (पूरा) – silent W? ‘wh’ – whole has W pronounced? No, whole – ‘wh’ makes /h/ sound.

Rule 38: Adding -en to Make Adjectives

Hindi:
कुछ nouns में -en जोड़कर adjective बनाया जाता है। यदि शब्द consonant के साथ खत्म हो, तो कभी-कभी consonant double होता है।

English:
Some nouns add -en to form adjectives. Sometimes the final consonant doubles.

Examples (no double):

1. Gold → Golden (सुनहरा)
2. Wood → Wooden (लकड़ी का)
3. Wool → Woolen (ऊनी)
4. Silk → Silken (रेशमी)
5. Lead → Leaden (सीसे का)

Examples (double consonant):

1. Red → Redden (लाल करना) – verb
2. Sad → Sadden (उदास करना) – verb
3. Wide → Widen (चौड़ा करना) – verb
4. Sharp → Sharpen (तेज करना) – verb
5. Soft → Soften (नरम करना) – verb

—

Rule 39: Words with “ei” and “ie” (More Examples)

Hindi:
“i before e except after c” के नियम के और उदाहरण और अपवाद।

English:
More examples and exceptions to the “i before e except after c” rule.

More I-before-E examples:

1. Belief (विश्वास)
2. Brief (संक्षिप्त)
3. Chief (मुखिया)
4. Fierce (भयंकर)
5. Grief (दुःख)
6. Hygiene (स्वच्छता)
7. Niece (भतीजी)
8. Piece (टुकड़ा)
9. Priest (पुजारी)
10. Shield (ढाल)
11. Siege (घेराबंदी)
12. Thief (चोर)
13. Yield (उपज / झुकना)

More E-before-I after C examples:

1. Ceiling (छत)
2. Deceive (धोखा देना)
3. Perceive (अनुभव करना)
4. Receive (प्राप्त करना)
5. Receipt (रसीद)
6. Conceit (अहंकार)
7. Deceit (छल)

Exceptions to the rule (learn these):

1. Either (या तो)
2. Neither (न तो)
3. Foreign (विदेशी)
4. Forfeit (जब्त करना)
5. Height (ऊँचाई)
6. Leisure (फुर्सत)
7. Neighbor (पड़ोसी) – follows “ay” sound rule
8. Seize (पकड़ना)
9. Species (प्रजाति)
10. Science (विज्ञान)
11. Sufficient (पर्याप्त)
12. Society (समाज) – ‘ie’ but after ‘c’ not directly
13. Ancient (प्राचीन) – ‘ie’ after ‘c’? Ancient has ‘ci’ sounds? Actually it’s an exception.
14. Efficient (कुशल) – ‘ie’ after ‘c’
15. Sufficient (पर्याप्त) – ‘ie’ after ‘c’

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Rule 40: Words with “ough” (The Most Confusing Spelling)

Hindi:
“ough” की spelling अंग्रेज़ी में सबसे confusing है – इसके 7 अलग-अलग उच्चारण होते हैं।

English:
The spelling “ough” is the most confusing in English – it has 7 different pronunciations.

1. “ough” pronounced as “off” (as in off):

1. Cough (खाँसी)
2. Trough (नांद)

2. “ough” pronounced as “uff” (as in rough):

1. Rough (खुरदरा)
2. Tough (कठिन)
3. Enough (पर्याप्त)

3. “ough” pronounced as “ow” (as in cow):

1. Bough (पेड़ की शाखा)
2. Drought (सूखा)
3. Plough (हल – British) / Plow (American)

4. “ough” pronounced as “oh” (as in go):

1. Though (हालाँकि)
2. Although (हालाँकि)
3. Dough (आटा)
4. Thorough (पूर्ण) – thorough has “uh” sound? Actually thorough = “thu-ruh”
5. Through (के माध्यम से) – through = “throo”

5. “ough” pronounced as “oo” (as in too):

1. Through (के माध्यम से)
2. Throughout (पूरे समय)

6. “ough” pronounced as “aw” (as in law):

1. Bought (खरीदा)
2. Brought (लाया)
3. Fought (लड़ा)
4. Thought (विचार)
5. Ought (चाहिए)
6. Sought (खोजा)
7. Nought (शून्य)
8. Wrought (निर्मित – old English)

7. “ough” pronounced as “up” (as in up) or “ock”:

1. Hiccough (हिचकी) – actually spelled “hiccup” more commonly

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Summary of All 40 Spelling Rules

Rule Topic
1 I before E except after C
2 Doubling final consonant (1-1-1 rule)
3 Dropping silent E
4 Changing Y to I
5 Changing IE to Y before -ing
6 Adding -ly to make adverbs
7 Plural rules (s, es, ies, ves)
8 Doubling consonant in multi-syllable words (2-1-1)
9 Adding K after C before -ing
10 Double L (British vs American)
11 Adding -ous and -ious
12 Adding -tion and -sion
13 Adding -able and -ible
14 Adding -ence and -ance
15 Adding -ful (one L)
16 Silent letters
17 Homophones
18 Confusable words
19 -ic → -ally
20 -ise vs -ize
21 Adding prefixes (no change)
22 Assimilation (in-, ad-, com-, sub-)
23 -ceed, -cede, -sede
24 Adding -ment
25 Adding -ness
26 Adding -ful to words ending in Y
27 Apostrophe rules
28 Hyphenation in compounds
29 Capitalization rules
30 Abbreviations and acronyms
31 Spelling of numbers
32 Words with double letters
33 US vs British spelling differences
34 Often misspelled words (top 100)
35 -ance and -ence (expanded)
36 -able and -ible (expanded)
37 Silent letters (expanded)
38 Adding -en to make adjectives
39 “ei” and “ie” (more examples)
40 “ough” – 7 pronunciations

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