📘 ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE – COMPLETE FORMULA CHART

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✅ 1️⃣ Present Simple

🔹 Active Formula:
S + V1(s/es) + O

🔹 Passive Formula:
O + am/is/are + V3 + by + S

Example:
She writes a letter.
➜ A letter is written by her.
(वह पत्र लिखती है।)

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✅ 2️⃣ Present Continuous

🔹 Active:
S + am/is/are + V-ing + O

🔹 Passive:
O + am/is/are + being + V3 + by + S

Example:
She is writing a letter.
➜ A letter is being written by her.
(वह पत्र लिख रही है।)

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✅ 3️⃣ Present Perfect

🔹 Active:
S + has/have + V3 + O

🔹 Passive:
O + has/have + been + V3 + by + S

Example:
She has written a letter.
➜ A letter has been written by her.
(उसने पत्र लिख दिया है।)

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✅ 4️⃣ Past Simple

🔹 Active:
S + V2 + O

🔹 Passive:
O + was/were + V3 + by + S

Example:
She wrote a letter.
➜ A letter was written by her.
(उसने पत्र लिखा।)

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✅ 5️⃣ Past Continuous

🔹 Active:
S + was/were + V-ing + O

🔹 Passive:
O + was/were + being + V3 + by + S

Example:
She was writing a letter.
➜ A letter was being written by her.
(वह पत्र लिख रही थी।)

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✅ 6️⃣ Past Perfect

🔹 Active:
S + had + V3 + O

🔹 Passive:
O + had + been + V3 + by + S

Example:
She had written a letter.
➜ A letter had been written by her.
(उसने पत्र लिख लिया था।)

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✅ 7️⃣ Future Simple (Will)

🔹 Active:
S + will + V1 + O

🔹 Passive:
O + will + be + V3 + by + S

Example:
She will write a letter.
➜ A letter will be written by her.
(वह पत्र लिखेगी।)

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✅ 8️⃣ Future “Going To”

🔹 Active:
S + am/is/are going to + V1 + O

🔹 Passive:
O + am/is/are going to + be + V3 + by + S

Example:
She is going to write a letter.
➜ A letter is going to be written by her.
(वह पत्र लिखने वाली है।)

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✅ 9️⃣ Future Perfect

🔹 Active:
S + will have + V3 + O

🔹 Passive:
O + will have + been + V3 + by + S

Example:
She will have written a letter.
➜ A letter will have been written by her.
(वह पत्र लिख चुकी होगी।)

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✅ 🔟 Modal Verbs Passive

🔹 Active:
S + Modal + V1 + O

🔹 Passive:
O + Modal + be + V3 + by + S

Example:
She can write a letter.
➜ A letter can be written by her.
(वह पत्र लिख सकती है।)

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✅ 1️⃣1️⃣ Perfect Modal Passive

🔹 Active:
S + Modal + have + V3 + O

🔹 Passive:
O + Modal + have been + V3 + by + S

Example:
She must have written a letter.
➜ A letter must have been written by her.
(उसने पत्र लिखा होगा।)

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✅ 1️⃣2️⃣ Imperative Passive

🔹 Active:
V1 + O

🔹 Passive:
Let + O + be + V3

Example:
Open the door.
➜ Let the door be opened.
(दरवाज़ा खोला जाए।)

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✅ 1️⃣3️⃣ Causative (Have/Get)

🔹 Active:
S + have/get + O + V3

📌 Meaning: काम किसी से करवाना

Example:
I got the car repaired.
(मैंने कार ठीक करवाई।)

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✅ 1️⃣4️⃣ Double Object Passive

🔹 Active:
S + V + IO + DO

🔹 Passive:
IO + be + V3
OR
DO + be + V3 + to/for + IO

Example:
She gave me a gift.
➜ I was given a gift. (मुझे एक उपहार दिया गया।)
➜ A gift was given to me. (एक उपहार मुझे दिया गया।)

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✅ 1️⃣5️⃣ Prepositional Verb Passive

🔹 Active:
S + V + Prep + O

🔹 Passive:
O + be + V3 + Prep

Example:
They laughed at him.
➜ He was laughed at.
(उस पर हँसा गया।)

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📌 IMPORTANT NOTES

• ✔ Verb हमेशा V3 (Past Participle) में होता है
• ✔ Object → Subject बन जाता है
• ✔ “by + doer” optional होता है
• ✔ Intransitive verbs का passive नहीं बनता
• ✔ Future Continuous का passive सामान्यतः नहीं बनता